NR 283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers A+
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
what is osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral
density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary
lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D
supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)-Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)-chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune
disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and
bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
,NR 283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers A+
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)inflammation, fever, weakness,
joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk? - (ANSWER)a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most
common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury? - (ANSWER)Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body? - (ANSWER)Decrease pain
threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body? - (ANSWER)reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body? - (ANSWER)prevent transmission of pain signals
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers A+
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent? - (ANSWER)CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent? - (ANSWER)PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance? - (ANSWER)amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the
stimuli
what is pain threshold? - (ANSWER)*same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception? - (ANSWER)brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission? - (ANSWER)signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction? - (ANSWER)nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors? - (ANSWER)transmits pain
what are neurotransmitters? - (ANSWER)chemicals the nervous system use to communicate
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
what is osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral
density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary
lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D
supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis? - (ANSWER)-Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)-chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune
disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and
bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
,NR 283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers A+
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)inflammation, fever, weakness,
joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - (ANSWER)systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk? - (ANSWER)a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most
common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury? - (ANSWER)Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body? - (ANSWER)Decrease pain
threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body? - (ANSWER)reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body? - (ANSWER)prevent transmission of pain signals
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers A+
Grade 2026/2027 | Complete Final Exam Review
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent? - (ANSWER)CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent? - (ANSWER)PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance? - (ANSWER)amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the
stimuli
what is pain threshold? - (ANSWER)*same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception? - (ANSWER)brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission? - (ANSWER)signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction? - (ANSWER)nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors? - (ANSWER)transmits pain
what are neurotransmitters? - (ANSWER)chemicals the nervous system use to communicate
