NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. A patient with persistent hypertension experiences an increase in the size of left
ventricular myocardial cells. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, often in response
to increased workload, such as the heart pumping against high systemic pressure.
2. Which mediator is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with the
release of arachidonic acid?
A. Prostaglandins
B. Platelet-activating factor
C. Histamine
,D. Complement C5a
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Prostaglandins, produced via the cyclooxygenase pathway from
arachidonic acid, are major mediators of pain and inflammatory signaling.
3. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary role of
Angiotensin II?
A. Inducing systemic vasodilation
B. Stimulating the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
C. Decreasing sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule
D. Promoting systemic vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
4. A type II hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by which mechanism?
A. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
B. Immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls
C. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
D. Delayed-type hypersensitivity involving T cells
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding
to specific antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction or altered function.
5. What is the pathophysiological cause of the ‘Philadelphia chromosome’ found in Chronic
Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
A. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5
B. Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22
C. Trisomy of chromosome 21
D. Inversion of chromosome 16
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal
translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the BCR-ABL fusion gene.
6. Which form of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to Vitamin B12
deficiency?
A. Pernicious anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: A
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. A patient with persistent hypertension experiences an increase in the size of left
ventricular myocardial cells. This is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, often in response
to increased workload, such as the heart pumping against high systemic pressure.
2. Which mediator is primarily responsible for the pain and inflammation associated with the
release of arachidonic acid?
A. Prostaglandins
B. Platelet-activating factor
C. Histamine
,D. Complement C5a
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Prostaglandins, produced via the cyclooxygenase pathway from
arachidonic acid, are major mediators of pain and inflammatory signaling.
3. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the primary role of
Angiotensin II?
A. Inducing systemic vasodilation
B. Stimulating the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
C. Decreasing sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule
D. Promoting systemic vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the
adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which increases sodium and water retention.
4. A type II hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by which mechanism?
A. Antibody-mediated cell destruction or dysfunction
B. Immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls
C. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
D. Delayed-type hypersensitivity involving T cells
, Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type II hypersensitivity involves antibodies (IgG or IgM) binding
to specific antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction or altered function.
5. What is the pathophysiological cause of the ‘Philadelphia chromosome’ found in Chronic
Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
A. Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5
B. Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22
C. Trisomy of chromosome 21
D. Inversion of chromosome 16
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal
translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating the BCR-ABL fusion gene.
6. Which form of anemia is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to Vitamin B12
deficiency?
A. Pernicious anemia
B. Aplastic anemia
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Hemolytic anemia
Answer: A
