Pathophysiology Exam 1
Rasmussen
1. passive immunity: Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from
protected or immu-nized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized individual
2. Examples of passive immunity: IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing
placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
3. Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation): 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
4. Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid):
135-145 mEq/L
5. Calcium value normal range: 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
6. Phosphate value normal range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
7. Magnesium value normal range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
8. Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in
blood): -
23-30 mEq/L
9. Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L: hypokalemia
10. Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L: Hyperkalemia
11. Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L: hyponatremia / hypernatremia
12. Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L: hypernatremia
13. condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL: hypophophatemia
14. Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL: Hyperphosphatemia
15. Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L: hypochloremia
16. Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L: Hyperchloremia
17. Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L: hypomagnesemia
18. Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L: Hypermagesemia
19. condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL: hypocalcemia
20. condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL: hypercalcemia
21. Pathophysiology: the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living
beings
22. Pathology: the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs,
tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
23. Etiology: The study of the causes and origins of disease
24. 4 topics of pathophysiology: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
treatment
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16
, Pathophysiology Exam 1
Rasmussen
25. pathogenesis: development or evolution of a disease
26. clinical manifestation: signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
27. exacerbation: a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its
signs and symptom
28. remission: decline in severity of symptoms
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, Pathophysiology Exam 1
Rasmussen
29. sequela: a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury
30. acute: sudden onset and short duration
31. chronic: long term
32. Primary level of prevention: altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
33. Example of primary prevention: Immunization, health/sex ed, quit smoking
drinking or poor diet.
34. Secondary level of prevention: -conduction activities that help prevent a
worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
35. examples of secondary prevention: Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper man-agement of diabetes
36. Tertiary level of prevention: -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
37. Examples of tertiary prevention: rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to
correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic symptoms
38. 3 stages of adaptation (GAS): alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of
exhaustion
39. adaptation/resistance stage: trying to return to homeotasis
40. alarm stage: fight or flight
response reduced resistance to
stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and
aldostrone)
41. exhaustion stage: cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease
process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
42. where is fluid excreted?: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest
amount from urine)
43. Causes of extracellular fluid deficits: loss of total body sodium-Vomiting,
diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
44. what is the electrolyte pool?: bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium
and phosphate
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Rasmussen
1. passive immunity: Transfer of performed antibodies against a specific antigen from
protected or immu-nized individual to an unprotected or non-immunized individual
2. Examples of passive immunity: IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing
placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)
3. Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation): 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
4. Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid):
135-145 mEq/L
5. Calcium value normal range: 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
6. Phosphate value normal range: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
7. Magnesium value normal range: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
8. Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in
blood): -
23-30 mEq/L
9. Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L: hypokalemia
10. Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L: Hyperkalemia
11. Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L: hyponatremia / hypernatremia
12. Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L: hypernatremia
13. condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL: hypophophatemia
14. Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL: Hyperphosphatemia
15. Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L: hypochloremia
16. Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L: Hyperchloremia
17. Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L: hypomagnesemia
18. Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L: Hypermagesemia
19. condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL: hypocalcemia
20. condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL: hypercalcemia
21. Pathophysiology: the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living
beings
22. Pathology: the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs,
tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
23. Etiology: The study of the causes and origins of disease
24. 4 topics of pathophysiology: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
treatment
1/
16
, Pathophysiology Exam 1
Rasmussen
25. pathogenesis: development or evolution of a disease
26. clinical manifestation: signs and symptoms or evidence of disease
27. exacerbation: a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its
signs and symptom
28. remission: decline in severity of symptoms
2/
16
, Pathophysiology Exam 1
Rasmussen
29. sequela: a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury
30. acute: sudden onset and short duration
31. chronic: long term
32. Primary level of prevention: altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for
susceptible persons
33. Example of primary prevention: Immunization, health/sex ed, quit smoking
drinking or poor diet.
34. Secondary level of prevention: -conduction activities that help prevent a
worsening health status by detection or management of diseases
35. examples of secondary prevention: Self breast exams, yearly cancer
screenings, proper man-agement of diabetes
36. Tertiary level of prevention: -supports optimal functioning
-prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability
ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury
37. Examples of tertiary prevention: rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to
correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic symptoms
38. 3 stages of adaptation (GAS): alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of
exhaustion
39. adaptation/resistance stage: trying to return to homeotasis
40. alarm stage: fight or flight
response reduced resistance to
stressors
release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and
aldostrone)
41. exhaustion stage: cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease
process sets in and permanent symptoms show up.
42. where is fluid excreted?: skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest
amount from urine)
43. Causes of extracellular fluid deficits: loss of total body sodium-Vomiting,
diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure.
44. what is the electrolyte pool?: bone marrow reservoir for calcium, magnesium
and phosphate
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