N3630- WEEK 2 QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 UPDATED.
What is the normal RBC range? - Answer 4.0-5.10 × 10¹²/L
What does low Hgb indicate? - Answer Low oxygen-carrying capacity → anemia, fatigue
What does hematocrit reflect? - Answer % of RBCs in blood volume.
-Low: hemodilution/fluid overload
-High: dehydration
What does WBC level indicate? - Answer High = possible infection
Low = immunocompromised
Risks of abnormal platelets? - Answer Low platelets = bleeding risk
High platelets = clotting risk
What does a high PTT indicate? - Answer Longer clotting time → ↑ bleeding risk
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis (clotting)? - Answer 1) Primary hemostasis
2) secondary hemostasis (coagulation cascade)
3) Firbin clot remodeling
What is primary hemostasis? - Answer the body's initial response to a blood vessel injury,
involving the formation of a temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding
What are the 3 phases of primary hemostasis? - Answer 1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet adhesion
3. Platelet plug formation
What is the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)? - Answer -Helps platelets stick to damaged
vessels; essential for starting the clotting process.
-Released after vessel injury.
,What is secondary hemostasis? - Answer The coagulation cascade: activation of clotting
factors → fibrin clot formation
-convert from inactive version to active version (X→Xa)
What are the two pathways in the clotting cascade? - Answer Intrinsic pathway: triggered by
vessel damage
Extrinsic pathway: triggered by tissue damage→ Both converge at Factor X, leading to fibrin
formation
Why are calcium and vWF important? - Answer Required to activate clotting factors; without
them, clotting is impaired and bleeding risk increases.
What is Fibrin Clot Remodelling? - Answer Recreates clot into pre-injury tissue
What happens when factor X is activated? - Answer we form a fibrinogen clot
What does PT (Prothrombin Time) measure? - Answer Clotting time of the extrinsic pathway;
used to monitor WARFARIN therapy.
-remember extrinsic pathway= triggered by external trauma.
What's the normal Prothrombin Time range? - Answer 11-13.5 seconds
What does a prolonged PT mean? - Answer Slower clotting → increased bleeding risk.
What is INR and what does it measure? - Answer International Normalized Ratio;
standardizes PT across labs, used to monitor Warfarin.
What's the normal INR range? - Answer 0.8-1.1
What medication is monitored using PT/INR? - Answer Warfarin (Coumadin)
Why is PT/INR used with Warfarin? - Answer Warfarin affects vitamin K-dependent clotting
factors (II, VII, IX, X). (2,7,9,10)
What is the antidote for Warfarin toxicity? - Answer Vitamin K - restores clotting ability.
, What does aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) measure? - Answer Clotting time of
the intrinsic pathway; used to monitor Heparin.
What's the normal aPTT range? - Answer 25-30 seconds
What medication is monitored with aPTT? - Answer Heparin
Why is aPTT used with Heparin? - Answer Heparin inhibits thrombin and Factor Xa,
prolonging clot time.
Mnemonic for remembering PT vs aPTT? - Answer PT=PLAYING TENNIS=outside=extrinsic
pathway=war (outside)=WARFARIN
aPTT=PLAYING TABLE TENNIS= inside-intrinsic pathway=TT looks like an H=HEPARIN
ANTIDOTE for warfarin toxicity? - Answer VITAMIN K (helps reverse excess anticoagulation by
restoring clotting ability).
What is the main role of Vitamin K in coagulation? - Answer It's required to activate clotting
factors II, VII, IX, and X into their functional forms (IIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa).
What are the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - Answer II, VII, IX, X (Mnemonic: "2, 7, 9,
10")
What form of Vitamin K is found in the diet? - Answer Oxidized vitamin K
How is dietary vitamin K converted into active form? - Answer Through the Vitamin K epoxide
cycle — it reduces vitamin K so it can activate clotting factors.
What does low vitamin K lead to? - Answer -↓ Activation of clotting factors
-Longer clot time
-Increased bleeding risk (e.g., bruising, petechiae, internal bleeding)
What conditions can cause low vitamin K? - Answer Malnutrition, liver disease, antibiotic
overuse (kills gut bacteria that make vitamin K)
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 UPDATED.
What is the normal RBC range? - Answer 4.0-5.10 × 10¹²/L
What does low Hgb indicate? - Answer Low oxygen-carrying capacity → anemia, fatigue
What does hematocrit reflect? - Answer % of RBCs in blood volume.
-Low: hemodilution/fluid overload
-High: dehydration
What does WBC level indicate? - Answer High = possible infection
Low = immunocompromised
Risks of abnormal platelets? - Answer Low platelets = bleeding risk
High platelets = clotting risk
What does a high PTT indicate? - Answer Longer clotting time → ↑ bleeding risk
What are the 3 steps of hemostasis (clotting)? - Answer 1) Primary hemostasis
2) secondary hemostasis (coagulation cascade)
3) Firbin clot remodeling
What is primary hemostasis? - Answer the body's initial response to a blood vessel injury,
involving the formation of a temporary platelet plug to stop bleeding
What are the 3 phases of primary hemostasis? - Answer 1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet adhesion
3. Platelet plug formation
What is the role of von Willebrand Factor (vWF)? - Answer -Helps platelets stick to damaged
vessels; essential for starting the clotting process.
-Released after vessel injury.
,What is secondary hemostasis? - Answer The coagulation cascade: activation of clotting
factors → fibrin clot formation
-convert from inactive version to active version (X→Xa)
What are the two pathways in the clotting cascade? - Answer Intrinsic pathway: triggered by
vessel damage
Extrinsic pathway: triggered by tissue damage→ Both converge at Factor X, leading to fibrin
formation
Why are calcium and vWF important? - Answer Required to activate clotting factors; without
them, clotting is impaired and bleeding risk increases.
What is Fibrin Clot Remodelling? - Answer Recreates clot into pre-injury tissue
What happens when factor X is activated? - Answer we form a fibrinogen clot
What does PT (Prothrombin Time) measure? - Answer Clotting time of the extrinsic pathway;
used to monitor WARFARIN therapy.
-remember extrinsic pathway= triggered by external trauma.
What's the normal Prothrombin Time range? - Answer 11-13.5 seconds
What does a prolonged PT mean? - Answer Slower clotting → increased bleeding risk.
What is INR and what does it measure? - Answer International Normalized Ratio;
standardizes PT across labs, used to monitor Warfarin.
What's the normal INR range? - Answer 0.8-1.1
What medication is monitored using PT/INR? - Answer Warfarin (Coumadin)
Why is PT/INR used with Warfarin? - Answer Warfarin affects vitamin K-dependent clotting
factors (II, VII, IX, X). (2,7,9,10)
What is the antidote for Warfarin toxicity? - Answer Vitamin K - restores clotting ability.
, What does aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) measure? - Answer Clotting time of
the intrinsic pathway; used to monitor Heparin.
What's the normal aPTT range? - Answer 25-30 seconds
What medication is monitored with aPTT? - Answer Heparin
Why is aPTT used with Heparin? - Answer Heparin inhibits thrombin and Factor Xa,
prolonging clot time.
Mnemonic for remembering PT vs aPTT? - Answer PT=PLAYING TENNIS=outside=extrinsic
pathway=war (outside)=WARFARIN
aPTT=PLAYING TABLE TENNIS= inside-intrinsic pathway=TT looks like an H=HEPARIN
ANTIDOTE for warfarin toxicity? - Answer VITAMIN K (helps reverse excess anticoagulation by
restoring clotting ability).
What is the main role of Vitamin K in coagulation? - Answer It's required to activate clotting
factors II, VII, IX, and X into their functional forms (IIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa).
What are the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors? - Answer II, VII, IX, X (Mnemonic: "2, 7, 9,
10")
What form of Vitamin K is found in the diet? - Answer Oxidized vitamin K
How is dietary vitamin K converted into active form? - Answer Through the Vitamin K epoxide
cycle — it reduces vitamin K so it can activate clotting factors.
What does low vitamin K lead to? - Answer -↓ Activation of clotting factors
-Longer clot time
-Increased bleeding risk (e.g., bruising, petechiae, internal bleeding)
What conditions can cause low vitamin K? - Answer Malnutrition, liver disease, antibiotic
overuse (kills gut bacteria that make vitamin K)
