NURS 3366 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Innate (natural) resistance - Answers defense mechanisms we are born with.
1st line of resistance - Answers body's physical barriers; immediate and non-specific
2nd line of resistance - Answers inflammation; immediate and non-specific
Acquired (adaptive) immunity - Answers 3RD line of defense; delayed and specific; able to resist
certain diseases or conditions due to immunocyte involvement
First line of defense - Answers skin and mucous membranes
Stressors that can breach skin defense - Answers lacerations, abrasions, punctures
Eye's defense - Answers tears, eyelashes
sressors that can breach eye's defense - Answers dry eye syndrome, sjogren's syndrome
Sjogren's syndrome - Answers autoimmune disease that dries up all lubricating fluids in the body
respiratory system defenses - Answers mucus and hair in nose; cilia of cells in bronchi; cough reflex
GI system defenses - Answers saliva, stomach acid, gag reflex/vomiting, bowels, defecation
Genitourinary system defenses - Answers urine flow, vaginal secretions
Inflammation - Answers second line of defense; state on Innate defense; immediate and nonspecific
S/S of inflammation - Answers swelling, heat, redness and pain
Inflammation Example 1 - Answers first line of defense (skin) is breached with a laceration -->clot
formation to stop bleeding-->scab formed to seal breach
Inflammation Example 2 - Answers meningitis microbe is inhaled (breaches 1st line of defense
mucous membranes)-->inflammation-->inflammation can't heal on it's own and calls in 3rd line of
defense (immunocyte response)-->acquired immunity
immunocyte response - Answers acquired defense; 3rd line of defense; delayed and specific; results
in ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
antigens - Answers proteins located on the surface of red blood cells (determine blood type)
antibodies - Answers Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.
T lymphocytes (T cells) - Answers defend the body by direct attack against invading microbes
B lymphocytes (B cells) - Answers differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to the
microbe that has attacked the body
active acquired immunity - Answers a form of immunity where the body makes antibodies against a
particular disease
natural active acquired immunity - Answers when a persons plasma cells build up antibodies in
response to a microbially-induced illness (meningitis example)
artificial active acquired immunity - Answers when a person's plasma cells build up antibodies in
response to receiving inoculations of a much-weakened or inactive microbe (ex. MMR vaccine)
passive acquired immunity - Answers getting someone else's antibodies
natural passive acquired immunity - Answers Passage of antibodies through the placenta or breast
milk.
artificial passive acquired immunity - Answers antibodies are injected during treatment (EX. TIG)
Biochemical mediators - Answers chemicals in the body that activate responses
local inflammatory mediators - Answers leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins
acute phase reactants - Answers fibrinogen, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP)
vasodilation - Answers widening of blood vessels; leak plasma from blood into tissue
mast cells - Answers found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or
allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
macrophages - Answers phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
neutrophils - Answers A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to
the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
steps of inflammatory response - Answers 1. Irritation/injury-->stimulates "leakiness"-->mast cell
degranulation-->vasodilation
2. neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize dirt, debris, dying tissue, and/or microbes found in tissue
3. macrophages will secrete chemotactic substances to "call" immunocytes to come to the area via
bloodstream; lymphocytes create memory of microbe
4. clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healing, granulating tissue
Degranulation - Answers breaking apart of mast cells with spillage of granules of biochemical
mediators into tissue
granulating tissue - Answers pink, healthy, healing tissue
Innate (natural) resistance - Answers defense mechanisms we are born with.
1st line of resistance - Answers body's physical barriers; immediate and non-specific
2nd line of resistance - Answers inflammation; immediate and non-specific
Acquired (adaptive) immunity - Answers 3RD line of defense; delayed and specific; able to resist
certain diseases or conditions due to immunocyte involvement
First line of defense - Answers skin and mucous membranes
Stressors that can breach skin defense - Answers lacerations, abrasions, punctures
Eye's defense - Answers tears, eyelashes
sressors that can breach eye's defense - Answers dry eye syndrome, sjogren's syndrome
Sjogren's syndrome - Answers autoimmune disease that dries up all lubricating fluids in the body
respiratory system defenses - Answers mucus and hair in nose; cilia of cells in bronchi; cough reflex
GI system defenses - Answers saliva, stomach acid, gag reflex/vomiting, bowels, defecation
Genitourinary system defenses - Answers urine flow, vaginal secretions
Inflammation - Answers second line of defense; state on Innate defense; immediate and nonspecific
S/S of inflammation - Answers swelling, heat, redness and pain
Inflammation Example 1 - Answers first line of defense (skin) is breached with a laceration -->clot
formation to stop bleeding-->scab formed to seal breach
Inflammation Example 2 - Answers meningitis microbe is inhaled (breaches 1st line of defense
mucous membranes)-->inflammation-->inflammation can't heal on it's own and calls in 3rd line of
defense (immunocyte response)-->acquired immunity
immunocyte response - Answers acquired defense; 3rd line of defense; delayed and specific; results
in ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
antigens - Answers proteins located on the surface of red blood cells (determine blood type)
antibodies - Answers Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.
T lymphocytes (T cells) - Answers defend the body by direct attack against invading microbes
B lymphocytes (B cells) - Answers differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to the
microbe that has attacked the body
active acquired immunity - Answers a form of immunity where the body makes antibodies against a
particular disease
natural active acquired immunity - Answers when a persons plasma cells build up antibodies in
response to a microbially-induced illness (meningitis example)
artificial active acquired immunity - Answers when a person's plasma cells build up antibodies in
response to receiving inoculations of a much-weakened or inactive microbe (ex. MMR vaccine)
passive acquired immunity - Answers getting someone else's antibodies
natural passive acquired immunity - Answers Passage of antibodies through the placenta or breast
milk.
artificial passive acquired immunity - Answers antibodies are injected during treatment (EX. TIG)
Biochemical mediators - Answers chemicals in the body that activate responses
local inflammatory mediators - Answers leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins
acute phase reactants - Answers fibrinogen, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP)
vasodilation - Answers widening of blood vessels; leak plasma from blood into tissue
mast cells - Answers found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or
allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
macrophages - Answers phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
neutrophils - Answers A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to
the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
steps of inflammatory response - Answers 1. Irritation/injury-->stimulates "leakiness"-->mast cell
degranulation-->vasodilation
2. neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize dirt, debris, dying tissue, and/or microbes found in tissue
3. macrophages will secrete chemotactic substances to "call" immunocytes to come to the area via
bloodstream; lymphocytes create memory of microbe
4. clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healing, granulating tissue
Degranulation - Answers breaking apart of mast cells with spillage of granules of biochemical
mediators into tissue
granulating tissue - Answers pink, healthy, healing tissue
