GEOGRAPHY
STUDY NOTES
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Topic 1: Changing Population 4
Syllabus Link 5
Key Terms 8
Theories 16
Brandt’s Line 17
Ravenstein’s laws of migration 18
Lee’s push and pull theory 19
Demographic Transition model 20
Demographic Dividend & Population Pyramid 21
Aging population and dependency ratio 23
Gender equality & Trafficking policies 24
Effects of Migration 25
Case Studies 26
Uneven population distribution - China 27
Uneven population distribution - South Africa 28
Demographic dividend - Ethiopia 29
Demographic dividend - South Korea 30
Ageing population - Japan 31
Growth of a megacity’s population and its effects - India, Mumbai 32
Forced migration (external displacement) - Syria 33
Forced migration (internal displacement) - Nigeria 35
Pro-natalist - Russia 37
Pro-natalist - Singapore 38
Anti-natalist - China 40
Anti-natalist - India 41
Literacy and Gender equality policy - Kerala, India 42
Trafficking - Nigeria 43
Topic 2: Global Climate - Vulnerability and resilience 44
Syllabus Link 45
Key Terms 48
Theories 52
Atmospheric system, energy balance & budget 53
Greenhouse effect, the ‘enhanced’ greenhouse effect and global dimming 54
Feedback loops 55
Changes in Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere and Biomes 56
Impact of Climate change on people 58
Mitigation and Adaptation strategies 60
Civil Society and corporate strategies to address climate change 62
1
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Agriculture and varying extreme weather 63
Case Studies 64
UN Framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 65
Kyoto Protocol 66
Paris Agreement 67
Flooding, Bangladesh 68
Vulnerability and Adaptation in Ghana 69
The destruction of forests, USA 71
Retreating of glaciers, Switzerland 72
Corporate change mitigation efforts, USA 73
Topic 3: Global Resources Consumption and Security 74
Syllabus Link 75
Key Terms 78
Theories 82
The Three Views 83
Circular Economy 84
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 85
The Food-Water-Energy Nexus 86
Global Patterns and Trends in availability and consumption 87
Poverty reduction and global middle class 88
Case Studies 89
Resource Security: Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Case Study 90
Resource Security: South Africa Case Study 91
Option G: Urban Environments 93
Syllabus Link 94
Key Terms 100
Theories 105
Land Value, Bid Rent, and Hoyt Model 106
Megacities 108
Centripetal Population Movements, Natural Increase and growth of Megacities 109
Centrifugal Population Movements and Counter-Urbanisation/Decentralisation 110
Hierarchy of Settlements, Land Use 111
Urban Poverty, Deprivation and Informal activity 113
Deindustrialisation 115
Urban Microclimates 117
Urban Stress 119
Impacts of traffic congestion: Noise pollution 120
Resilient City Design, Smart Cities, and Eco-cities 122
Case Studies 124
Rejuvenation and Regeneration - Inner City Decay in London Docklands 125
Urban gentrification - Glasgow 126
2
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Resilient City Design - Brazil Rocinha/Rio de Janeiro 127
Informal economic activity - India 128
Land Use - New York 129
Air Pollution - China 130
Eco city design - Mexico City 131
Urban Deindustrialisation - Detroit 133
New planned city (Decentralisation) - Putrajaya 134
Urban System Growth - Shanghai 135
Contested Land & Informal Sector - Dharavi, Mumbai 137
Gentrification - Cape Town, South Africa 138
Cities in Latin America 139
Microclimate Restoration - Seoul, South Korea 140
3
STUDY NOTES
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Topic 1: Changing Population 4
Syllabus Link 5
Key Terms 8
Theories 16
Brandt’s Line 17
Ravenstein’s laws of migration 18
Lee’s push and pull theory 19
Demographic Transition model 20
Demographic Dividend & Population Pyramid 21
Aging population and dependency ratio 23
Gender equality & Trafficking policies 24
Effects of Migration 25
Case Studies 26
Uneven population distribution - China 27
Uneven population distribution - South Africa 28
Demographic dividend - Ethiopia 29
Demographic dividend - South Korea 30
Ageing population - Japan 31
Growth of a megacity’s population and its effects - India, Mumbai 32
Forced migration (external displacement) - Syria 33
Forced migration (internal displacement) - Nigeria 35
Pro-natalist - Russia 37
Pro-natalist - Singapore 38
Anti-natalist - China 40
Anti-natalist - India 41
Literacy and Gender equality policy - Kerala, India 42
Trafficking - Nigeria 43
Topic 2: Global Climate - Vulnerability and resilience 44
Syllabus Link 45
Key Terms 48
Theories 52
Atmospheric system, energy balance & budget 53
Greenhouse effect, the ‘enhanced’ greenhouse effect and global dimming 54
Feedback loops 55
Changes in Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere and Biomes 56
Impact of Climate change on people 58
Mitigation and Adaptation strategies 60
Civil Society and corporate strategies to address climate change 62
1
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Agriculture and varying extreme weather 63
Case Studies 64
UN Framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 65
Kyoto Protocol 66
Paris Agreement 67
Flooding, Bangladesh 68
Vulnerability and Adaptation in Ghana 69
The destruction of forests, USA 71
Retreating of glaciers, Switzerland 72
Corporate change mitigation efforts, USA 73
Topic 3: Global Resources Consumption and Security 74
Syllabus Link 75
Key Terms 78
Theories 82
The Three Views 83
Circular Economy 84
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 85
The Food-Water-Energy Nexus 86
Global Patterns and Trends in availability and consumption 87
Poverty reduction and global middle class 88
Case Studies 89
Resource Security: Hindu Kush Himalayan Region Case Study 90
Resource Security: South Africa Case Study 91
Option G: Urban Environments 93
Syllabus Link 94
Key Terms 100
Theories 105
Land Value, Bid Rent, and Hoyt Model 106
Megacities 108
Centripetal Population Movements, Natural Increase and growth of Megacities 109
Centrifugal Population Movements and Counter-Urbanisation/Decentralisation 110
Hierarchy of Settlements, Land Use 111
Urban Poverty, Deprivation and Informal activity 113
Deindustrialisation 115
Urban Microclimates 117
Urban Stress 119
Impacts of traffic congestion: Noise pollution 120
Resilient City Design, Smart Cities, and Eco-cities 122
Case Studies 124
Rejuvenation and Regeneration - Inner City Decay in London Docklands 125
Urban gentrification - Glasgow 126
2
, IB Geography Notes Higher Level
Resilient City Design - Brazil Rocinha/Rio de Janeiro 127
Informal economic activity - India 128
Land Use - New York 129
Air Pollution - China 130
Eco city design - Mexico City 131
Urban Deindustrialisation - Detroit 133
New planned city (Decentralisation) - Putrajaya 134
Urban System Growth - Shanghai 135
Contested Land & Informal Sector - Dharavi, Mumbai 137
Gentrification - Cape Town, South Africa 138
Cities in Latin America 139
Microclimate Restoration - Seoul, South Korea 140
3
