WGU D617 Task 1 – Lead Contamination in Drinking Water Annotated Bibliography & Environmental Health Policy Analysis Updated with complete solutions.

A. Task Selection Environmental health policies: In this scenario, target a new environmental health policy or 3 regulation to address air or water quality concerns within a community, such as lead contamination in drinking water. B1. Annotated bibliography Bradham, K. D., Nelson, C., Sowers, T. D., Lytle, D. A., Tully, J., Schock, M. R., Li, K., Blackmon, M. D., Kovalcik, K., Cox, D. C., Dewalt, G., Friedman, W., Pinzer, E. A., & Ashley, P. (2022). A national survey of lead and other metal(loid) s in residential drinking water in the United States. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 33(2), 160–167. This national survey focuses on lead and other metal contaminants within the residential drinking water within the United States. The researchers established that lead exposures are still rampant because of the old infrastructure and lack of uniformity in water system administration. It gives mass testimony on continuous risks of environmental exposure, particularly on the systems of housing that are old. The source is very relevant as it confirms that the contamination of lead is rather widespread, which is why the stronger policies like the LCRI can help to combat the issue of lead contamination and guarantee a better quality of life. Geiger, S. D., Bressler, J., Kelly, W., Jacobs, D. E., Awadalla, S. S., Hagston, B., ... & Dorevitch, S.(2021). Predictors of water lead levels in drinking water of homes with domestic wells in 3 Illinois counties. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 27(6), 567 576. The study explores predictors of lead levels in homes with homes using domestic wells within Illinois counties. It names such important factors as the age of plumbing, water 4 chemistry, and the management practices applied to the private wells to determine the level of lead contamination. The results indicate that unregulated hazards in terms of health may be involved with the users of the private wells in comparison to municipal systems. This source is relevant as it emphasizes differences in exposure risk and justifies specific public health interventions to be applied in rural and underserved communities. Lu, W., Levin, R., & Schwartz, J. (2022). Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study. BMC Public Health, 22(1). This panel study explores the association between the lead contamination in drinking water in the community and academic achievement in children. It concludes that increased lead levels are linked to poor academic performance, and that there are long term cognitive and educational effects. This source is significant in the sense that it links environmental exposure with quantifiable effect of the human development outcomes. It applies to the situation because it helps to show why addressing the lack of lead exposure is important to the health and educational achievement of children. Shakoor, H., Fahad Alshehri, Shahab, M., Abanumay, F. A., & Ali, L. (2025). Vulnerability and risk assessment of lead (Pb) concentrations in drinking water via statistical and geostatistical analyses. Frontiers in Water, 7. This paper emphasizes statistical and geostatistical measures to determine the vulnerability to lead contamination within the drinking water systems. It concludes that exposure risk is strongly affected by spatial variation, ageing infrastructure and conditions of the environment. The study provides reliable information on the non existence of safe leads exposure level and the areas that are at risk and demand timely