WGU D236
Pathophysiology
OA V2 Study Guides & Notes
(Megan/Shay’s Casey's Study Guides)
Pass the Exam with Confidence
What You Will Get:
➢ (Megan/Shay’s Study Guides)
➢ Casey's WGU NY01 Patho Note
Take and pass the OA :)
, Preview Pages Below
Get the Complete PDF After Purchase
"If you require further clarification or in need of any study resources,
feel free to Message me."
Preview sample only
,Table of Contents
D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides ........................... 2
Casey's WGU NY01 Patho Notes......................................... 76
D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure?
Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity?
Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration?
#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration?
,#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have?
Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2.
Normal CO2 level
35-45
Normal pH level
7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level
22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
,His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it
easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of
the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
,Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene
inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that
can affect aorta and heart valve structures.
**If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting
the abnormal gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the
condition, the risk of their child inheriting the abnormal gene and developing
Marfan syndrome increases to 75%.
Turner Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing,
making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
Short stature (under 4' 7")
Amenorrhea
Webbing of the neck
Edema
Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory
rate allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level?
The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH.
(The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts
with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased
respiration will raise pH)
An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The
patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition?
Metabolic acidosis
,Second Degree (partial thickness)
Second degree: Partial thickness burns can be either superficial partial thickness
or deep partial thickness, depending on the degree of tissue necrosis of the
dermal layer. These burns can char the epidermis and papillary dermal layer, with
resultant edema and formation of epidermal blisters. Burned skin is wet, raw, and
pink or cherry red in color that blanches with pressure.
Identify degrees of burn, and other s/s to that degree burn
First-degree (Superficial) burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause
pain, redness, and swelling (no blistering/scarring).
Second-degree (Partial or intermediate thickness) burns affect both the outer and
underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
Pink/Cherry in color that blanches.
Third-degree (Full thickness) burns affect the deep layers of skin. High risk of
infection.
Fourth-degree burns involve muscle or bone.
A 56-year-old female presents with superficial partial-thickness burns to the
anterior head and neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right arm,
posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg, and back of the left leg.
Calculate the total body surface area percentage that is burned using the Rule of
Nines.
63%
The Rule of Nines is a rapid method used during the prehospital and emergent
phase of care. The body is divided into regions that present 9%, or multiples of 9,
with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% of BSA (body surface area). The
,What are manifestations of pulmonary embolism?
#Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia
#Chest pain
#Hemoptysis
What is a complication of pulmonary embolism?
Obstructive shock
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult
for the individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation
difficult.
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the
lungs to fully expand for ventilation.
Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what?
,#Hyperkalemia (unable to secrete potassium)
#Azotemia (accumulation of nitrous waste; urea in blood)
#Metabolic acidosis
#Oliguria (low urine output)
#Uremic frost (urea crystals on the skin d/t high level in the body)
#Pruritus
What is End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)? And what are 3 problems throughout
the body as a result of it?
What are 2 treatment options for ESRD?
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.
GFR values less than 15 ml/minute are consistent with Stage 5 chronic renal
failure, otherwise known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
#Uremic frost - from high urea
#HTN - from elevated renin
#Anemia - from lack of erythropoietin
Tx = Dialysis or kidney transplant
What are symptoms of end stage renal disease (ESRD)?
#Fatigue
#Drowsiness
#Decrease in urination
#Dry/Itchy skin
What is kidney cancer?
Occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump together, and form a
malignant tumor.
**The most common risk factor for developing kidney cancer is smoking!
, Aplastic anemia
In DKA, HCO3/Bicarb is (consumed or excreted) therefore the anion gap
(increases or decreases).
consumed, increases
Bone fracture that occurs when a small piece of bone attached to a tendon or
ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone.
Greenstick fracture
Transverse fracture
Avulsion fracture
Comminuted fracture
Avulsion fracture
Greenstick = small, slender crack in bone
Transverse = straight break across bone
Comminuted = break in 3-4 places
What happens in dehydrated patients? _________ levels are high and
_______________ is activated.
ADH, RAAS
Pathophysiology
OA V2 Study Guides & Notes
(Megan/Shay’s Casey's Study Guides)
Pass the Exam with Confidence
What You Will Get:
➢ (Megan/Shay’s Study Guides)
➢ Casey's WGU NY01 Patho Note
Take and pass the OA :)
, Preview Pages Below
Get the Complete PDF After Purchase
"If you require further clarification or in need of any study resources,
feel free to Message me."
Preview sample only
,Table of Contents
D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides ........................... 2
Casey's WGU NY01 Patho Notes......................................... 76
D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study Guides
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure?
Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity?
Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which
regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.
Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration?
#Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration?
,#Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and
pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have?
Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction).
This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory
system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining
more CO2.
Normal CO2 level
35-45
Normal pH level
7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level
22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact
Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
,His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it
easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the
bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out
of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid
volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of
the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin
BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
,Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene
inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that
can affect aorta and heart valve structures.
**If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting
the abnormal gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the
condition, the risk of their child inheriting the abnormal gene and developing
Marfan syndrome increases to 75%.
Turner Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing,
making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
Short stature (under 4' 7")
Amenorrhea
Webbing of the neck
Edema
Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory
rate allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level?
The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH.
(The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts
with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased
respiration will raise pH)
An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The
patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition?
Metabolic acidosis
,Second Degree (partial thickness)
Second degree: Partial thickness burns can be either superficial partial thickness
or deep partial thickness, depending on the degree of tissue necrosis of the
dermal layer. These burns can char the epidermis and papillary dermal layer, with
resultant edema and formation of epidermal blisters. Burned skin is wet, raw, and
pink or cherry red in color that blanches with pressure.
Identify degrees of burn, and other s/s to that degree burn
First-degree (Superficial) burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause
pain, redness, and swelling (no blistering/scarring).
Second-degree (Partial or intermediate thickness) burns affect both the outer and
underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
Pink/Cherry in color that blanches.
Third-degree (Full thickness) burns affect the deep layers of skin. High risk of
infection.
Fourth-degree burns involve muscle or bone.
A 56-year-old female presents with superficial partial-thickness burns to the
anterior head and neck, front and back of the left arm, front of the right arm,
posterior trunk, front and back of the right leg, and back of the left leg.
Calculate the total body surface area percentage that is burned using the Rule of
Nines.
63%
The Rule of Nines is a rapid method used during the prehospital and emergent
phase of care. The body is divided into regions that present 9%, or multiples of 9,
with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% of BSA (body surface area). The
,What are manifestations of pulmonary embolism?
#Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia
#Chest pain
#Hemoptysis
What is a complication of pulmonary embolism?
Obstructive shock
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult
for the individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation
difficult.
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the
lungs to fully expand for ventilation.
Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what?
,#Hyperkalemia (unable to secrete potassium)
#Azotemia (accumulation of nitrous waste; urea in blood)
#Metabolic acidosis
#Oliguria (low urine output)
#Uremic frost (urea crystals on the skin d/t high level in the body)
#Pruritus
What is End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)? And what are 3 problems throughout
the body as a result of it?
What are 2 treatment options for ESRD?
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.
GFR values less than 15 ml/minute are consistent with Stage 5 chronic renal
failure, otherwise known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
#Uremic frost - from high urea
#HTN - from elevated renin
#Anemia - from lack of erythropoietin
Tx = Dialysis or kidney transplant
What are symptoms of end stage renal disease (ESRD)?
#Fatigue
#Drowsiness
#Decrease in urination
#Dry/Itchy skin
What is kidney cancer?
Occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump together, and form a
malignant tumor.
**The most common risk factor for developing kidney cancer is smoking!
, Aplastic anemia
In DKA, HCO3/Bicarb is (consumed or excreted) therefore the anion gap
(increases or decreases).
consumed, increases
Bone fracture that occurs when a small piece of bone attached to a tendon or
ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone.
Greenstick fracture
Transverse fracture
Avulsion fracture
Comminuted fracture
Avulsion fracture
Greenstick = small, slender crack in bone
Transverse = straight break across bone
Comminuted = break in 3-4 places
What happens in dehydrated patients? _________ levels are high and
_______________ is activated.
ADH, RAAS
