NURS 231 FINAL EXAM 300 ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER WITH
RATIONALE LATEST UPDATE ALREADY
GRADED A+
1. What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
A) Hyperplasia increases cell size; hypertrophy increases cell number
B) Hyperplasia increases cell number; hypertrophy increases cell size
C) Both increase cell number
D) Both increase cell size
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue,
while hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells. Both can occur under normal
and pathological conditions. A bodybuilder's muscles display hypertrophy, not
hyperplasia.
2. In which type of cellular adaptation does one adult cell type replace another?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. Barrett esophagus, where the squamous epithelium of the
esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium, is a classic example of metaplasia.
3. Which of the following best describes dysplasia?
A) An increase in the size of cells
B) An increase in the number of cells
C) Disordered cellular growth with atypical cells
, D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: C
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in the size, shape,
and organization of cells. It is often a precursor to cancer and can be seen in
cervical epithelial cells on a Pap smear.
4. Metaplastic cells are better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances
compared to the original cell type.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful
circumstances. Metaplasia is a reversible change that occurs in response to chronic
irritation, but the new cell type is often more resilient to the specific stressor,
though it may lose some original functions.
5. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to a decreased workload and leads
to a reduction in cell size?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and organ size due to a reduced
workload, loss of innervation, or inadequate nutrition. It is a common adaptation to
disuse.
6. Which of the following is true of the mitochondria?
A) They are involved in protein synthesis
B) They are involved in cellular respiration
C) They are the site of lipid synthesis
D) They are found far from the site of energy consumption
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular
respiration and ATP production. They also play a role in apoptosis. They are
typically found near sites of high energy consumption.
7. What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Energy production
, C) Control of transport of materials
D) Genetic information storage
Answer: C
Rationale: The cell membrane controls the transport of materials from the
extracellular fluid into the cell and vice versa. It also helps with the conduction of
electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells and aids in the regulation of cell
growth and proliferation.
8. The process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types is
known as:
A) Proliferation
B) Differentiation
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to
perform specific functions. Proliferation is the increase in cell numbers by mitotic
division.
9. Which of the following is a process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division?
A) Differentiation
B) Proliferation
C) Metaplasia
D) Atrophy
Answer: B
Rationale: Proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and regeneration.
10. What are the two important properties that stem cells possess?
A) Immortality and omnipotence
B) Potency and self-renewal
C) Differentiation and senescence
D) Plasticity and totipotency
Answer: B
Rationale: Stem cells have two key properties: potency (the ability to
differentiate into different cell types) and self-renewal (the ability to divide and
produce more stem cells).
, 11. What are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent
that they have lost their ability to divide called?
A) Stem cells
B) Progenitor cells
C) Mature cells
D) Somatic cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Progenitor or parent cells are cells of the same lineage that have not
yet fully differentiated and retain the ability to divide. They are more specialized
than stem cells but less specialized than mature cells.
12. Which type of necrosis is characterized by dry, shriveled tissue with a dark or
black color, often seen in patients with diabetes?
A) Wet gangrene
B) Dry gangrene
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area.
The tissue becomes dry, shrinks, and turns dark or black. It is commonly seen in
patients with diabetes due to peripheral arterial disease.
13. Which type of necrosis is characterized by cold, swollen, and pulseless tissue
with a foul odor, often resulting from trauma or infection?
A) Wet gangrene
B) Dry gangrene
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Wet gangrene occurs with a sudden reduction in blood flow, often
due to trauma or infection. Bacterial action leads to liquefaction, a foul odor, and
rapid spread of tissue damage. It is a medical emergency.
14. What type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis and has a
cheese-like appearance?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWER WITH
RATIONALE LATEST UPDATE ALREADY
GRADED A+
1. What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
A) Hyperplasia increases cell size; hypertrophy increases cell number
B) Hyperplasia increases cell number; hypertrophy increases cell size
C) Both increase cell number
D) Both increase cell size
Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue,
while hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells. Both can occur under normal
and pathological conditions. A bodybuilder's muscles display hypertrophy, not
hyperplasia.
2. In which type of cellular adaptation does one adult cell type replace another?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell
type with another. Barrett esophagus, where the squamous epithelium of the
esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium, is a classic example of metaplasia.
3. Which of the following best describes dysplasia?
A) An increase in the size of cells
B) An increase in the number of cells
C) Disordered cellular growth with atypical cells
, D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: C
Rationale: Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in the size, shape,
and organization of cells. It is often a precursor to cancer and can be seen in
cervical epithelial cells on a Pap smear.
4. Metaplastic cells are better prepared to survive under stressful circumstances
compared to the original cell type.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under stressful
circumstances. Metaplasia is a reversible change that occurs in response to chronic
irritation, but the new cell type is often more resilient to the specific stressor,
though it may lose some original functions.
5. Which cellular adaptation occurs in response to a decreased workload and leads
to a reduction in cell size?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and organ size due to a reduced
workload, loss of innervation, or inadequate nutrition. It is a common adaptation to
disuse.
6. Which of the following is true of the mitochondria?
A) They are involved in protein synthesis
B) They are involved in cellular respiration
C) They are the site of lipid synthesis
D) They are found far from the site of energy consumption
Answer: B
Rationale: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular
respiration and ATP production. They also play a role in apoptosis. They are
typically found near sites of high energy consumption.
7. What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Energy production
, C) Control of transport of materials
D) Genetic information storage
Answer: C
Rationale: The cell membrane controls the transport of materials from the
extracellular fluid into the cell and vice versa. It also helps with the conduction of
electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells and aids in the regulation of cell
growth and proliferation.
8. The process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types is
known as:
A) Proliferation
B) Differentiation
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized to
perform specific functions. Proliferation is the increase in cell numbers by mitotic
division.
9. Which of the following is a process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division?
A) Differentiation
B) Proliferation
C) Metaplasia
D) Atrophy
Answer: B
Rationale: Proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and regeneration.
10. What are the two important properties that stem cells possess?
A) Immortality and omnipotence
B) Potency and self-renewal
C) Differentiation and senescence
D) Plasticity and totipotency
Answer: B
Rationale: Stem cells have two key properties: potency (the ability to
differentiate into different cell types) and self-renewal (the ability to divide and
produce more stem cells).
, 11. What are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent
that they have lost their ability to divide called?
A) Stem cells
B) Progenitor cells
C) Mature cells
D) Somatic cells
Answer: B
Rationale: Progenitor or parent cells are cells of the same lineage that have not
yet fully differentiated and retain the ability to divide. They are more specialized
than stem cells but less specialized than mature cells.
12. Which type of necrosis is characterized by dry, shriveled tissue with a dark or
black color, often seen in patients with diabetes?
A) Wet gangrene
B) Dry gangrene
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Dry gangrene occurs when blood supply is slowly reduced to an area.
The tissue becomes dry, shrinks, and turns dark or black. It is commonly seen in
patients with diabetes due to peripheral arterial disease.
13. Which type of necrosis is characterized by cold, swollen, and pulseless tissue
with a foul odor, often resulting from trauma or infection?
A) Wet gangrene
B) Dry gangrene
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Liquefactive necrosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Wet gangrene occurs with a sudden reduction in blood flow, often
due to trauma or infection. Bacterial action leads to liquefaction, a foul odor, and
rapid spread of tissue damage. It is a medical emergency.
14. What type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis and has a
cheese-like appearance?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
