NUR 4445 Exam 1 Study Guide With
Complete Solutions
What factors influence mental health? - ANSWER Individual, interpersonal, and
social/cultural
Individual factors - ANSWER person's characteristics
Interpersonal factors - ANSWER effective communication, ability to help others,
intimacy, and balance of separateness and connectedness
Social/cultural influences - ANSWER sense of community, access to adequate
resources, intolerance of violence, positive yet realistic view of one's world
What is the DSM-5 - ANSWER (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders); helps identify characteristics in order to make diagnoses
Objectives of health people 2020 - ANSWER - decrease suicide rates and
homelessness
- increase # of people identified, diagnosed, & treated
- increase employment for those with serious mental illness
- provide services for incarcerated persons with mental illness
Community-based care - ANSWER - lack of appropriate # of community mental
health centers
- development of community support programs are inaccurate anticipation of
the extent of people's needs
Cost containment and managed care - ANSWER case-by-case basis used to
provide necessary mental services while limiting cost
,What is a neurotransmitter? - ANSWER chemical substances that facilitate
neurotransmission; fit into specific receptor cells
excitatory neurotransmitters - ANSWER excite or stimulate an action in the cells
inhibitory neurotransmitters - ANSWER inhibit or stop an action
dopamine - ANSWER excitatory; complex movements, motivation, cognition,
regulation of emotional response
norepinephrine - ANSWER excitation; attention, learning, memory, sleep,
wakefulness, mood regulation
epinephrine - ANSWER excitatory; fight-or-flight response
glutamate - ANSWER excitatory; major neurotic effects at high levels
serotonin - ANSWER inhibitory; food intake, sleep, wakefulness, temperature
regulation, pain control, sexual behaviors, regulation of emotions, important role
in anxiety, mood disorders, and schizophrenia
GABA - ANSWER inhibitory; modulation of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine - ANSWER sleep-and-wakefulness cycle; signals muscles to
become alert
computed tomography - ANSWER visualizes brain's soft tissues and can be used
to diagnose primary tumors
Magnetic resonance imaging - ANSWER type of body scan that uses magnet and
radio waves; produces more tissue detail and contras than CT, can show blood
flow patterns and tissue changes such as edema
PET & SPECT - ANSWER radioactive substances are injected into blood; flow of
those substances in the brain are monitored as client performs cognitive
activities as instructed by operator
conventional antipsychotics - ANSWER control the "positive" symptoms of
Schitzophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions and confusion
second generation antipsychotics - ANSWER drugs that alleviate schizophrenia
without producing movement problems
third generation antipsychotics - ANSWER - dopamine system stabilizer
- treats positive and negative symptoms along with cognitive function
-little risk of EPS or TDK
, - unlikely to cause significant metabolic effects, hypotension, or prolactin
release
- little anticholinergic effects or dysrhythmias
anxiolytics - ANSWER used to treat anxiety, insomnia, OCD, depression, PTSD,
and alcohol withdrawal; BZD proven to be most effective
MOA of anxiolytics - ANSWER mediates actions of GABA by activating GABA
receptors in the brain which hyperpolarizes neurons and therefore is inhibitory
Side effects anxiolytics - ANSWER - physical dependence
- CNS depression (drowsiness, sedation, poor coordination)
SSRIs - ANSWER drugs used as antidepressants
MOA of SSRIs - ANSWER major interaction is with monoamine NT systems in
brain, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin
SSRI side effects - ANSWER anxiety, agitation, akathisia, nausea, insomnia,
sexual dysfunction; specifically diminished sexual drive
Lithium - ANSWER most established mood stabilizer
MOA lithium - ANSWER reuptake of certain NT such as serotonin,
norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine; reduces release of
norepinephrine through competition with calcium and produces its effects
intracellularly rather than within neuronal synapses; acts directly on G proteins
and certain enzyme subsystems such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and
phosphatidylinositol
Lithium side effects - ANSWER mild nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, hand tremor,
lethargy, metallic taste; weight gain and acne
Stimulants - ANSWER specifically amphetamines; used for ADHD and sometimes
narcolepsy
MOA stimulants - ANSWER release NT (norepinephrine, dopamine, and
serotonin) from presynaptic nerve terminals as opposed to having direct agonist
effects on postsynaptic receptors; also block reuptake of these NTs
Side effects of stimulants - ANSWER most common: anorexia, weight loss,
nausea, irritability
Erikson's Stages - ANSWER 8 stages of psychosocial development; achievement
of life's virtues
Complete Solutions
What factors influence mental health? - ANSWER Individual, interpersonal, and
social/cultural
Individual factors - ANSWER person's characteristics
Interpersonal factors - ANSWER effective communication, ability to help others,
intimacy, and balance of separateness and connectedness
Social/cultural influences - ANSWER sense of community, access to adequate
resources, intolerance of violence, positive yet realistic view of one's world
What is the DSM-5 - ANSWER (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders); helps identify characteristics in order to make diagnoses
Objectives of health people 2020 - ANSWER - decrease suicide rates and
homelessness
- increase # of people identified, diagnosed, & treated
- increase employment for those with serious mental illness
- provide services for incarcerated persons with mental illness
Community-based care - ANSWER - lack of appropriate # of community mental
health centers
- development of community support programs are inaccurate anticipation of
the extent of people's needs
Cost containment and managed care - ANSWER case-by-case basis used to
provide necessary mental services while limiting cost
,What is a neurotransmitter? - ANSWER chemical substances that facilitate
neurotransmission; fit into specific receptor cells
excitatory neurotransmitters - ANSWER excite or stimulate an action in the cells
inhibitory neurotransmitters - ANSWER inhibit or stop an action
dopamine - ANSWER excitatory; complex movements, motivation, cognition,
regulation of emotional response
norepinephrine - ANSWER excitation; attention, learning, memory, sleep,
wakefulness, mood regulation
epinephrine - ANSWER excitatory; fight-or-flight response
glutamate - ANSWER excitatory; major neurotic effects at high levels
serotonin - ANSWER inhibitory; food intake, sleep, wakefulness, temperature
regulation, pain control, sexual behaviors, regulation of emotions, important role
in anxiety, mood disorders, and schizophrenia
GABA - ANSWER inhibitory; modulation of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine - ANSWER sleep-and-wakefulness cycle; signals muscles to
become alert
computed tomography - ANSWER visualizes brain's soft tissues and can be used
to diagnose primary tumors
Magnetic resonance imaging - ANSWER type of body scan that uses magnet and
radio waves; produces more tissue detail and contras than CT, can show blood
flow patterns and tissue changes such as edema
PET & SPECT - ANSWER radioactive substances are injected into blood; flow of
those substances in the brain are monitored as client performs cognitive
activities as instructed by operator
conventional antipsychotics - ANSWER control the "positive" symptoms of
Schitzophrenia, such as hallucinations, delusions and confusion
second generation antipsychotics - ANSWER drugs that alleviate schizophrenia
without producing movement problems
third generation antipsychotics - ANSWER - dopamine system stabilizer
- treats positive and negative symptoms along with cognitive function
-little risk of EPS or TDK
, - unlikely to cause significant metabolic effects, hypotension, or prolactin
release
- little anticholinergic effects or dysrhythmias
anxiolytics - ANSWER used to treat anxiety, insomnia, OCD, depression, PTSD,
and alcohol withdrawal; BZD proven to be most effective
MOA of anxiolytics - ANSWER mediates actions of GABA by activating GABA
receptors in the brain which hyperpolarizes neurons and therefore is inhibitory
Side effects anxiolytics - ANSWER - physical dependence
- CNS depression (drowsiness, sedation, poor coordination)
SSRIs - ANSWER drugs used as antidepressants
MOA of SSRIs - ANSWER major interaction is with monoamine NT systems in
brain, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin
SSRI side effects - ANSWER anxiety, agitation, akathisia, nausea, insomnia,
sexual dysfunction; specifically diminished sexual drive
Lithium - ANSWER most established mood stabilizer
MOA lithium - ANSWER reuptake of certain NT such as serotonin,
norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine; reduces release of
norepinephrine through competition with calcium and produces its effects
intracellularly rather than within neuronal synapses; acts directly on G proteins
and certain enzyme subsystems such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and
phosphatidylinositol
Lithium side effects - ANSWER mild nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, hand tremor,
lethargy, metallic taste; weight gain and acne
Stimulants - ANSWER specifically amphetamines; used for ADHD and sometimes
narcolepsy
MOA stimulants - ANSWER release NT (norepinephrine, dopamine, and
serotonin) from presynaptic nerve terminals as opposed to having direct agonist
effects on postsynaptic receptors; also block reuptake of these NTs
Side effects of stimulants - ANSWER most common: anorexia, weight loss,
nausea, irritability
Erikson's Stages - ANSWER 8 stages of psychosocial development; achievement
of life's virtues
