S 190 TEST PAPER FULL SOLUTION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
●● Fire Behavior
Answer: Manner in which a fire reacts to the variables of fuel, weather,
and topography
●● Topography
Answer: Land surface configuration
●● Crew
Answer: Organized group of firefighters under the leadership of a crew
leader or other designated supervisor; sometimes referred to as a
"company" in municipal departments
●● Aspect
Answer: Compass direction toward which a slope faces
●● Slope
Answer: - Natural or artificial topographic incline; degree of deviation
from horizontal
- fires typically move faster going uphill than downhill
,- flames are closer to the fuel dehydrating, preheating, and igniting them
sooner
- wind currents normally move uphill during the day and tend to push
heat and flames toward new fuels
- upslope fires create a draft, increasing the ROS
●● Barrier
Answer: Any obstruction of the spread of fire; typically an area or strip
devoid of combustible fuel
●● Fireline Intensity
Answer: Rate of heat energy released per unit time per unit length of fire
front. Numerically, it is the product of the heat of combustion, quantity
of fuel consumed in the fire front, and the rate of spread of a fire in Btu
per second per foot (kilojoules per second per meter) of fire front
●● Rate of Spread (ROS)
Answer: relative activity of a fire in extending its horizontal dimensions.
expressed as rate of increase of the total perimeter of a fire, as rate of
forward spread of the fire front, or as rate of increase in area, depending
on the intended use of the information. usually expressed in chains or
acres per hour for a specific period in the fire's history
●● North Facing Slopes
,Answer: tend to have more shade. as a result north facing slopes have
heavier fuels, lower temperatures, higher humidity, and higher fuel
moistures. a north facing aspect will have less fire activity than a south
facing slope
●● East Facing Slopes
Answer: eastern and southern slope exposures have about equal solar
heating as the sun moves across the sky from east to west. with sunrise,
east facing slopes will have earlier heating, but also earlier cooling as the
sun tracks across the sky
●● West Facing Slopes
Answer: similar to eastern and southeastern slopes, southwestern, and
western slops exposures have about equal solar heating as the sun moves
across the sky from east to west. west facing slopes will have later
heating and cooling during the course of the day
●● South Facing Slopes
Answer: in the northern hemisphere, the slopes facing south receive
direct sun rays and become hotter than slopes facing any other direction.
the higher temp on the souther exposures results in lower humidity, rapid
loss of fuel and soil moisture, and drier, lighter flashy fuels such as
grass. all of these things make southern slops more susceptible to fires
than northern slopes
●● Concerns of Downhill Burning
, Answer: - serious concern is the possibility of burning material rolling
downhill, which can ignite fuels below starting another fire
- fighting fires on a steep slope demands your undivided attention
●● Safety Zone
Answer: recently burned area or one cleared of vegetation used for
escape in the event a line is outflanked or a spot fire outside a control
line renders the line unsafe. in firing operations, crews progress so as to
maintain a safety zone close at hand, allowing the fuels inside the
control line to be consumed before going ahead. sometimes called safety
island or safe refuge
●● Escape Routes
Answer: pathway to safety. it can lead to an already burned area, a
previously constructed safety area, a meadow that will not burn, or
natural rocky area that is large enough to take refuge without being
burned. when escape routes deviate from a defined physical path, they
must be clearly marked
●● Slope Measurement
Answer: - "rise over run"
1.) measure the amount of vertical elevation change
2.) divide that number by the horizontal distance
3.) the change the final number into a percent, multiply by 100
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
●● Fire Behavior
Answer: Manner in which a fire reacts to the variables of fuel, weather,
and topography
●● Topography
Answer: Land surface configuration
●● Crew
Answer: Organized group of firefighters under the leadership of a crew
leader or other designated supervisor; sometimes referred to as a
"company" in municipal departments
●● Aspect
Answer: Compass direction toward which a slope faces
●● Slope
Answer: - Natural or artificial topographic incline; degree of deviation
from horizontal
- fires typically move faster going uphill than downhill
,- flames are closer to the fuel dehydrating, preheating, and igniting them
sooner
- wind currents normally move uphill during the day and tend to push
heat and flames toward new fuels
- upslope fires create a draft, increasing the ROS
●● Barrier
Answer: Any obstruction of the spread of fire; typically an area or strip
devoid of combustible fuel
●● Fireline Intensity
Answer: Rate of heat energy released per unit time per unit length of fire
front. Numerically, it is the product of the heat of combustion, quantity
of fuel consumed in the fire front, and the rate of spread of a fire in Btu
per second per foot (kilojoules per second per meter) of fire front
●● Rate of Spread (ROS)
Answer: relative activity of a fire in extending its horizontal dimensions.
expressed as rate of increase of the total perimeter of a fire, as rate of
forward spread of the fire front, or as rate of increase in area, depending
on the intended use of the information. usually expressed in chains or
acres per hour for a specific period in the fire's history
●● North Facing Slopes
,Answer: tend to have more shade. as a result north facing slopes have
heavier fuels, lower temperatures, higher humidity, and higher fuel
moistures. a north facing aspect will have less fire activity than a south
facing slope
●● East Facing Slopes
Answer: eastern and southern slope exposures have about equal solar
heating as the sun moves across the sky from east to west. with sunrise,
east facing slopes will have earlier heating, but also earlier cooling as the
sun tracks across the sky
●● West Facing Slopes
Answer: similar to eastern and southeastern slopes, southwestern, and
western slops exposures have about equal solar heating as the sun moves
across the sky from east to west. west facing slopes will have later
heating and cooling during the course of the day
●● South Facing Slopes
Answer: in the northern hemisphere, the slopes facing south receive
direct sun rays and become hotter than slopes facing any other direction.
the higher temp on the souther exposures results in lower humidity, rapid
loss of fuel and soil moisture, and drier, lighter flashy fuels such as
grass. all of these things make southern slops more susceptible to fires
than northern slopes
●● Concerns of Downhill Burning
, Answer: - serious concern is the possibility of burning material rolling
downhill, which can ignite fuels below starting another fire
- fighting fires on a steep slope demands your undivided attention
●● Safety Zone
Answer: recently burned area or one cleared of vegetation used for
escape in the event a line is outflanked or a spot fire outside a control
line renders the line unsafe. in firing operations, crews progress so as to
maintain a safety zone close at hand, allowing the fuels inside the
control line to be consumed before going ahead. sometimes called safety
island or safe refuge
●● Escape Routes
Answer: pathway to safety. it can lead to an already burned area, a
previously constructed safety area, a meadow that will not burn, or
natural rocky area that is large enough to take refuge without being
burned. when escape routes deviate from a defined physical path, they
must be clearly marked
●● Slope Measurement
Answer: - "rise over run"
1.) measure the amount of vertical elevation change
2.) divide that number by the horizontal distance
3.) the change the final number into a percent, multiply by 100
