BIOD 151 2026 CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION MASTER REVIEW
◉Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior). Answer: Origin: transverse
processes of C2- C7
Insertion: first and second ribs
Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
◉flexion of spine. Answer: bending forward
◉extension of spine. Answer: bending backwards
◉conscious control of muscles (skeletal). Answer: a person can
consciously decide to use these muscles to complete an action
,◉peripheral nerves. Answer: Connects your central nervous system
to other parts of the body.
carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement.
◉motor action of central nervous system. Answer: Messages from
the central nervous system to a muscle
◉sensory input. Answer: Information gathered by sensory receptors
about internal and external changes
◉central nervous system. Answer: consists of the brain and spinal
cord
◉tendons. Answer: Connect muscle to bone
◉purpose of tendons. Answer: support the joint, help cushion
against sudden movement
◉ligaments. Answer: Connect bone to bone (connective tissue)
◉purpose of ligaments. Answer: stabilize the joints
,◉all skeletal muscles have....?. Answer: Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
◉origin of skeletal muscle. Answer: bony site of attachment that is
stationary during the movement
(attachment to stationary end of muscle)
◉insertion of skeletal muscle. Answer: bony site of attachment that
is moved by the muscle contraction
(attachment to mobile end of muscle)
◉action of muscle. Answer: what effect is produced by the muscle's
contraction
◉innervation. Answer: is the peripheral nerve that supplies a
muscle with the message from the brain.
◉Spinalis. Answer: Medial column of erector spinae
, Made up of three divisions (spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and
spinalis capitis)
◉Longissmus. Answer: Intermediate column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (longissimus thoracis, longissimus
cervicis, longissimus capitits)
◉Iliocostalis. Answer: Lateral column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis
thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis)
◉abdominal muscles - purpose?. Answer: help to support and
protect the abdominal viscera
and....
help to provide support for upright posture and balance. (with back
muscles too)
◉Rectus abdominis. Answer: Origin: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
FUNCTION MASTER REVIEW
◉Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior). Answer: Origin: transverse
processes of C2- C7
Insertion: first and second ribs
Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
◉flexion of spine. Answer: bending forward
◉extension of spine. Answer: bending backwards
◉conscious control of muscles (skeletal). Answer: a person can
consciously decide to use these muscles to complete an action
,◉peripheral nerves. Answer: Connects your central nervous system
to other parts of the body.
carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal
cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement.
◉motor action of central nervous system. Answer: Messages from
the central nervous system to a muscle
◉sensory input. Answer: Information gathered by sensory receptors
about internal and external changes
◉central nervous system. Answer: consists of the brain and spinal
cord
◉tendons. Answer: Connect muscle to bone
◉purpose of tendons. Answer: support the joint, help cushion
against sudden movement
◉ligaments. Answer: Connect bone to bone (connective tissue)
◉purpose of ligaments. Answer: stabilize the joints
,◉all skeletal muscles have....?. Answer: Origin:
Insertion:
Action:
◉origin of skeletal muscle. Answer: bony site of attachment that is
stationary during the movement
(attachment to stationary end of muscle)
◉insertion of skeletal muscle. Answer: bony site of attachment that
is moved by the muscle contraction
(attachment to mobile end of muscle)
◉action of muscle. Answer: what effect is produced by the muscle's
contraction
◉innervation. Answer: is the peripheral nerve that supplies a
muscle with the message from the brain.
◉Spinalis. Answer: Medial column of erector spinae
, Made up of three divisions (spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and
spinalis capitis)
◉Longissmus. Answer: Intermediate column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (longissimus thoracis, longissimus
cervicis, longissimus capitits)
◉Iliocostalis. Answer: Lateral column of erector spinae
Made up of three divisions (iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis
thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis)
◉abdominal muscles - purpose?. Answer: help to support and
protect the abdominal viscera
and....
help to provide support for upright posture and balance. (with back
muscles too)
◉Rectus abdominis. Answer: Origin: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
