PN 1002 Final Exam and Answers.
Macrosocial level psychology - Answer The study of societal influences
Masuda et al.: Japanese schoolchildren paid more attention to their surroundings and the
affective atmosphere of an area than American schoolchildren.
Hofstede: People are either collectivist or individualist based on the country they were raised in.
Talhelm: People living in rice-growing southern China were more interdependent and holistic-
thinking than people in the wheat-growing north and had lower divorce rates.
Institutional influences apply.
Microsocial level psychology - Answer Interpersonal influences
Allport's social facilitation theory: the presence of others accentuates dominant responses
Mesosocial level psychology - Answer Group influences
Sherif (1935) The autokinetic effect:
People form groups, groups create norms that shape individual behavior
Sherif (1936) - Answer Participants' responses converge and form 'norms' within groups.
The group creates a shared frame of reference that shapes subsequent perceptions.
Asch (1956) - Answer All confederates instructed to make the same wrong choices on certain
trials.
Around two-thirds of "critical subjects" reported the objectively correct answer.
About a third conformed to the majority.
Rates of conformity reduced when:
-Another participant gave a different answer (even if that answer was also wrong).
-Responses were given in private.
Deutsch & Gerard (1955) - Answer Normative social influence: an influence to conform with
the positive expectations of another.
Informational social influence: an influence to accept information obtained from another as
evidence about reality.
Milgram (1963) - Answer Psychiatrists predicted that only a pathological fringe would go all
the way - maybe 1 in 1000 (Condition 21: Expert Judgement)
Found that 65% of normal adults were willing to follow the orders of the experimenter in
Condition 1
Macrosocial level psychology - Answer The study of societal influences
Masuda et al.: Japanese schoolchildren paid more attention to their surroundings and the
affective atmosphere of an area than American schoolchildren.
Hofstede: People are either collectivist or individualist based on the country they were raised in.
Talhelm: People living in rice-growing southern China were more interdependent and holistic-
thinking than people in the wheat-growing north and had lower divorce rates.
Institutional influences apply.
Microsocial level psychology - Answer Interpersonal influences
Allport's social facilitation theory: the presence of others accentuates dominant responses
Mesosocial level psychology - Answer Group influences
Sherif (1935) The autokinetic effect:
People form groups, groups create norms that shape individual behavior
Sherif (1936) - Answer Participants' responses converge and form 'norms' within groups.
The group creates a shared frame of reference that shapes subsequent perceptions.
Asch (1956) - Answer All confederates instructed to make the same wrong choices on certain
trials.
Around two-thirds of "critical subjects" reported the objectively correct answer.
About a third conformed to the majority.
Rates of conformity reduced when:
-Another participant gave a different answer (even if that answer was also wrong).
-Responses were given in private.
Deutsch & Gerard (1955) - Answer Normative social influence: an influence to conform with
the positive expectations of another.
Informational social influence: an influence to accept information obtained from another as
evidence about reality.
Milgram (1963) - Answer Psychiatrists predicted that only a pathological fringe would go all
the way - maybe 1 in 1000 (Condition 21: Expert Judgement)
Found that 65% of normal adults were willing to follow the orders of the experimenter in
Condition 1
