,Contents in Brief
UNIT 1 Basic Cell Processes: Integration
and Coordination
1 Introduction to Physiology 37
2 Molecular Interactions 64
3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues 94
4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism 128
5 Membrane Dynamics 157
6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis 200
UNIT 2 Homeostasis and Control
7 Introduction to the Endocrine System 230
8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 259
9 The Central Nervous System 307
10 Sensory Physiology 343
11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control 391
12 Muscles 410
13 Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement 450
UNIT 3 Integration of Function
14 Cardiovascular Physiology 468
15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure 512
16 Blood 546
17 Mechanics of Breathing 568
18 Gas Exchange and Transport 598
19 The Kidneys 623
20 Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 654
UNIT 4 Metabolism, Growth, and Aging
21 The Digestive System 690
22 Metabolism and Energy Balance 728
23 Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism 764
24 The Immune System 790
25 Integrative Physiology III: Exercise 823
26 Reproduction and Development 837
,Strategies for Success
Top Ten Ways to Word Roots for Physiology
Succeed in Classes that Simplify physiology and medicine by learning Latin and
Use Active Learning Greek word roots. The list below has some of the most
common ones.
By Marilla Svinicki, Ph.D., former Director of the Using the list, can you figure out what hyperkalemia
University of Texas Center for Teaching Effectiveness means?*
1. Make the switch from an authority-based a- or an- without, absence hypo- beneath or deficient
conception of learning to a self-regulated anti- against inter- between
conception of learning. Recognize and accept -ase signifies an enzyme intra- within
your own responsibility for learning. auto self -itis inflammation of
bi- two kali- potassium
2. Be willing to take risks and go beyond what is
brady- slow leuko- white
presented in class or the text.
cardio- heart lipo- fat
3. Be able to tolerate ambiguity and frustration cephalo- head lumen inside of a hollow tube
in the interest of understanding. cerebro- brain -lysis split apart or rupture
contra- against macro- large
4. See errors as opportunities to learn rather than
-crine a secretion micro- small
failures. Be willing to make mistakes in class or in
crypt- hidden mono- one
study groups so that you can learn from them.
cutan- skin multi- many
5. Engage in active listening to what’s happening in -cyte or cyto- cell myo- muscle
class. de- without, lacking oligo- little, few
6. Trust the instructor’s experience in designing di- two para- near, close
class activities and participate willingly if not dys- difficult, faulty patho-, -pathy related to
enthusiastically. -elle small disease
-emia in the blood peri- around
7. Be willing to express an opinion or hazard a
endo- inside or within poly- many
guess.
epi- over post- after
8. Accept feedback in the spirit of learning rather erythro- red pre- before
than as a reflection of you as a person. exo- outside pro- before
extra- outside pseudo- false
9. Prepare for class physically, mentally, and
gastro- stomach re- again
materially (do the reading, work the problems,
-gen, -genie produce retro- backward or behind
etc.).
gluco-, glyco- sugar or sweet semi-half
10. Provide support for your classmate’s attempts to hemi- half sub- below
learn. The best way to learn something well is to hemo- blood super- above, beyond
teach it to someone who doesn’t understand. hepato- liver supra- above, on top of
homo- same tachy- rapid
Dr. Dee’s Eleventh Rule: hydro- water trans- across, through
DON’T PANIC! Pushing yourself beyond the comfort hyper- above or excess
zone is scary, but you have to do it in order to
improve. * Hyper = excess, kali = potassium, -emia = in the blood,
or elevated blood potassium
, Owner’s Manual
Welcome to Human Pattern recognition is important for all healthcare
Physiology! As you professionals, so you can begin to develop this skill by
begin your study of learning the key concepts of physiology that repeat
the human body, one over and over as you study different organ systems.
of your main tasks Chapter 1 includes two special Focus On features: one
will be to construct on concept mapping, a study strategy that is also used
for yourself a global for decision-making in the clinics, and one on construct-
view of the body, its ing and interpreting graphs. The Running Problem
systems, and the many in Chapter 1 introduces you to effective ways to find
processes that keep the systems working. This ”big information on the Internet.
picture” is what physiologists call the integration of Be sure to look for the Essentials and Review fig-
systems, and it is a key theme in this book. To integrate ures throughout the book. These figures distill the
information, however, you must do more than simply basics about a topic onto one or two pages, much as
memorize it. You need to truly understand it and be the Anatomy Summaries do. My students tell me they
able to use it to solve problems that you have never find them particularly useful for review when there
encountered before. If you are headed for a career in isn’t time to go back and read all the text.
the health professions, you will do this in the clinics. If We have also retained the four approaches to
you plan a career in biology, you will solve problems in learning physiology that proved so popular since this
the laboratory, field, or classroom. Analyzing, synthe book was first published in 1998.
sizing, and evaluating information are skills you need
to develop while you are in school, and I hope that the
1. Cellular and Molecular Physiology
features of this book will help you with this goal. Most physiological research today is being done at
One of my aims is to provide you not only with in the cellular and molecular level, and there have been
formation about how the human body functions but many exciting developments in molecular medicine and
also with tips for studying and problem solving. Many physiology in the 10 years since the first edition. For ex-
of these study aids have been developed with the input ample, now scientists are paying more attention to pri-
3.3 Intracellular Compartments 69
of my students, so I think you may find them particu- FIG. 3.5 Cilia and flagella mary cilia, the single cilium that
occurs onsurrounding
most cells pair. of the body.
CHAPTER
larly helpful. (a) Cilia on surface of respiratory epithelium (b) Cilia and flagella have 9 pairs of
microtubules a central
(c) The beating of cilia and flagella
creates fluid movement.
On the following pages, I have put together a brief Primary cilia are thought to play Fluid movement
3
tour of the special features of the book, especially those a role in some kidney and other
that you may not have encountered previously in text- diseases. Look for similar links
books. Please take a few minutes to read about them so between molecular Microtubules and cellular Flagellum
that you can make optimum use of the book as you study. biology, physiology, and medi- Fluid movement
cine throughout the book.
SEM × 1500 Cilium
Each chapter begins with a list of Learning Out This image was taken with a scanning electron
comes to guide you as you read the chapter. Within the microscope (SEM) and then color enhanced. The
Cell membrane
2. Physiology as a Dynamic Field
specimens prepared for scanning electron micros-
copy are not sectioned. The whole specimen is
chapters look for the Running Problem, Phys in Action, coated with an electron-dense material, and then
bombarded with electron beams. Because some
Cilia
and Try It! activities. Phys in Action are online video clips Physiology is a dynamic discipline, with numerous
of the electrons are reflected back, a three-
dimensional image of the specimen is created.
that I created with the assistance of some of my stu unanswered questions that merit further investigation
The cytoskeleton has at least five important functions. 5. Movement. The cytoskeleton helps cells move. For example,
dents. Look for and research. Many of the ”facts”thepresented
1. Cell shape. The protein scaffolding of the cytoskeleton pro-
cytoskeleton helps white inblood
this textout of blood
cells squeeze
vessels and helps growing nerve cells send out long extensions as
Play Phys in Action the references to areimportant
really only our current theories, so you should be are able to
vides mechanical strength to the cell and in some cells plays an
role in determining the shape of the cell. Figure 3.4b
they elongate. Cilia and flagella on the cell membrane
move because of their microtubule cytoskeleton. Special motor
@Mastering Anatomy & Physiology Mastering A&P prepared
small + villus, tuftto change your mental
shows how cytoskeletal fibers help support microvilli {micro-,
of hair}, fingerlike extensions of the cell mem- models
proteins facilitateas new
movement infor-
and intracellular transport by using
energy from ATP to slide or step along cytoskeletal fibers.
brane that increase the surface area for absorption of materials.
in the figures mation emerges
2. Internal organization. fromfibersscientific
Cytoskeletal stabilize the research.
positions of organelles. Figure 3.4b illustrates organelles held Motor Proteins Create Movement
with associated Phys in Action clips, and watch Kevin
EMERGING CONCEPTS
in place by the cytoskeleton. Note, however, that this figure is Motor proteins are proteins that convert stored energy into
only a snapshot of one moment in the cell’s life. The interior directed movement. Three groups of motor proteins are associ-
and Michael as they demonstrate physiology in action. arrangement and composition of a cell are dynamic, changing
from minute to minute in response to the needs of the cell,
ated with the cytoskeleton: myosins, kinesins, and dyneins. All three
groups use energy stored in ATP to propel themselves along cyto-
just as the inside of the walled city is always in motion. One skeleton fibers.
disadvantage of the static illustrations in textbooks is that they Myosins bind to actin fibers and are best known for their
are unable to represent movement and the dynamic nature of role in muscle contraction (Chapter 12). Kinesins and dyneins
many physiological processes. assist the movement of vesicles along microtubules. Dyneins also
3. Intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton helps transport associate with the microtubule bundles of cilia and flagella to help
materials into the cell and within the cytoplasm by serving as create their whiplike motion.
UNIT 1 Basic Cell Processes: Integration
and Coordination
1 Introduction to Physiology 37
2 Molecular Interactions 64
3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues 94
4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism 128
5 Membrane Dynamics 157
6 Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis 200
UNIT 2 Homeostasis and Control
7 Introduction to the Endocrine System 230
8 Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties 259
9 The Central Nervous System 307
10 Sensory Physiology 343
11 Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control 391
12 Muscles 410
13 Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement 450
UNIT 3 Integration of Function
14 Cardiovascular Physiology 468
15 Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure 512
16 Blood 546
17 Mechanics of Breathing 568
18 Gas Exchange and Transport 598
19 The Kidneys 623
20 Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 654
UNIT 4 Metabolism, Growth, and Aging
21 The Digestive System 690
22 Metabolism and Energy Balance 728
23 Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism 764
24 The Immune System 790
25 Integrative Physiology III: Exercise 823
26 Reproduction and Development 837
,Strategies for Success
Top Ten Ways to Word Roots for Physiology
Succeed in Classes that Simplify physiology and medicine by learning Latin and
Use Active Learning Greek word roots. The list below has some of the most
common ones.
By Marilla Svinicki, Ph.D., former Director of the Using the list, can you figure out what hyperkalemia
University of Texas Center for Teaching Effectiveness means?*
1. Make the switch from an authority-based a- or an- without, absence hypo- beneath or deficient
conception of learning to a self-regulated anti- against inter- between
conception of learning. Recognize and accept -ase signifies an enzyme intra- within
your own responsibility for learning. auto self -itis inflammation of
bi- two kali- potassium
2. Be willing to take risks and go beyond what is
brady- slow leuko- white
presented in class or the text.
cardio- heart lipo- fat
3. Be able to tolerate ambiguity and frustration cephalo- head lumen inside of a hollow tube
in the interest of understanding. cerebro- brain -lysis split apart or rupture
contra- against macro- large
4. See errors as opportunities to learn rather than
-crine a secretion micro- small
failures. Be willing to make mistakes in class or in
crypt- hidden mono- one
study groups so that you can learn from them.
cutan- skin multi- many
5. Engage in active listening to what’s happening in -cyte or cyto- cell myo- muscle
class. de- without, lacking oligo- little, few
6. Trust the instructor’s experience in designing di- two para- near, close
class activities and participate willingly if not dys- difficult, faulty patho-, -pathy related to
enthusiastically. -elle small disease
-emia in the blood peri- around
7. Be willing to express an opinion or hazard a
endo- inside or within poly- many
guess.
epi- over post- after
8. Accept feedback in the spirit of learning rather erythro- red pre- before
than as a reflection of you as a person. exo- outside pro- before
extra- outside pseudo- false
9. Prepare for class physically, mentally, and
gastro- stomach re- again
materially (do the reading, work the problems,
-gen, -genie produce retro- backward or behind
etc.).
gluco-, glyco- sugar or sweet semi-half
10. Provide support for your classmate’s attempts to hemi- half sub- below
learn. The best way to learn something well is to hemo- blood super- above, beyond
teach it to someone who doesn’t understand. hepato- liver supra- above, on top of
homo- same tachy- rapid
Dr. Dee’s Eleventh Rule: hydro- water trans- across, through
DON’T PANIC! Pushing yourself beyond the comfort hyper- above or excess
zone is scary, but you have to do it in order to
improve. * Hyper = excess, kali = potassium, -emia = in the blood,
or elevated blood potassium
, Owner’s Manual
Welcome to Human Pattern recognition is important for all healthcare
Physiology! As you professionals, so you can begin to develop this skill by
begin your study of learning the key concepts of physiology that repeat
the human body, one over and over as you study different organ systems.
of your main tasks Chapter 1 includes two special Focus On features: one
will be to construct on concept mapping, a study strategy that is also used
for yourself a global for decision-making in the clinics, and one on construct-
view of the body, its ing and interpreting graphs. The Running Problem
systems, and the many in Chapter 1 introduces you to effective ways to find
processes that keep the systems working. This ”big information on the Internet.
picture” is what physiologists call the integration of Be sure to look for the Essentials and Review fig-
systems, and it is a key theme in this book. To integrate ures throughout the book. These figures distill the
information, however, you must do more than simply basics about a topic onto one or two pages, much as
memorize it. You need to truly understand it and be the Anatomy Summaries do. My students tell me they
able to use it to solve problems that you have never find them particularly useful for review when there
encountered before. If you are headed for a career in isn’t time to go back and read all the text.
the health professions, you will do this in the clinics. If We have also retained the four approaches to
you plan a career in biology, you will solve problems in learning physiology that proved so popular since this
the laboratory, field, or classroom. Analyzing, synthe book was first published in 1998.
sizing, and evaluating information are skills you need
to develop while you are in school, and I hope that the
1. Cellular and Molecular Physiology
features of this book will help you with this goal. Most physiological research today is being done at
One of my aims is to provide you not only with in the cellular and molecular level, and there have been
formation about how the human body functions but many exciting developments in molecular medicine and
also with tips for studying and problem solving. Many physiology in the 10 years since the first edition. For ex-
of these study aids have been developed with the input ample, now scientists are paying more attention to pri-
3.3 Intracellular Compartments 69
of my students, so I think you may find them particu- FIG. 3.5 Cilia and flagella mary cilia, the single cilium that
occurs onsurrounding
most cells pair. of the body.
CHAPTER
larly helpful. (a) Cilia on surface of respiratory epithelium (b) Cilia and flagella have 9 pairs of
microtubules a central
(c) The beating of cilia and flagella
creates fluid movement.
On the following pages, I have put together a brief Primary cilia are thought to play Fluid movement
3
tour of the special features of the book, especially those a role in some kidney and other
that you may not have encountered previously in text- diseases. Look for similar links
books. Please take a few minutes to read about them so between molecular Microtubules and cellular Flagellum
that you can make optimum use of the book as you study. biology, physiology, and medi- Fluid movement
cine throughout the book.
SEM × 1500 Cilium
Each chapter begins with a list of Learning Out This image was taken with a scanning electron
comes to guide you as you read the chapter. Within the microscope (SEM) and then color enhanced. The
Cell membrane
2. Physiology as a Dynamic Field
specimens prepared for scanning electron micros-
copy are not sectioned. The whole specimen is
chapters look for the Running Problem, Phys in Action, coated with an electron-dense material, and then
bombarded with electron beams. Because some
Cilia
and Try It! activities. Phys in Action are online video clips Physiology is a dynamic discipline, with numerous
of the electrons are reflected back, a three-
dimensional image of the specimen is created.
that I created with the assistance of some of my stu unanswered questions that merit further investigation
The cytoskeleton has at least five important functions. 5. Movement. The cytoskeleton helps cells move. For example,
dents. Look for and research. Many of the ”facts”thepresented
1. Cell shape. The protein scaffolding of the cytoskeleton pro-
cytoskeleton helps white inblood
this textout of blood
cells squeeze
vessels and helps growing nerve cells send out long extensions as
Play Phys in Action the references to areimportant
really only our current theories, so you should be are able to
vides mechanical strength to the cell and in some cells plays an
role in determining the shape of the cell. Figure 3.4b
they elongate. Cilia and flagella on the cell membrane
move because of their microtubule cytoskeleton. Special motor
@Mastering Anatomy & Physiology Mastering A&P prepared
small + villus, tuftto change your mental
shows how cytoskeletal fibers help support microvilli {micro-,
of hair}, fingerlike extensions of the cell mem- models
proteins facilitateas new
movement infor-
and intracellular transport by using
energy from ATP to slide or step along cytoskeletal fibers.
brane that increase the surface area for absorption of materials.
in the figures mation emerges
2. Internal organization. fromfibersscientific
Cytoskeletal stabilize the research.
positions of organelles. Figure 3.4b illustrates organelles held Motor Proteins Create Movement
with associated Phys in Action clips, and watch Kevin
EMERGING CONCEPTS
in place by the cytoskeleton. Note, however, that this figure is Motor proteins are proteins that convert stored energy into
only a snapshot of one moment in the cell’s life. The interior directed movement. Three groups of motor proteins are associ-
and Michael as they demonstrate physiology in action. arrangement and composition of a cell are dynamic, changing
from minute to minute in response to the needs of the cell,
ated with the cytoskeleton: myosins, kinesins, and dyneins. All three
groups use energy stored in ATP to propel themselves along cyto-
just as the inside of the walled city is always in motion. One skeleton fibers.
disadvantage of the static illustrations in textbooks is that they Myosins bind to actin fibers and are best known for their
are unable to represent movement and the dynamic nature of role in muscle contraction (Chapter 12). Kinesins and dyneins
many physiological processes. assist the movement of vesicles along microtubules. Dyneins also
3. Intracellular transport. The cytoskeleton helps transport associate with the microtubule bundles of cilia and flagella to help
materials into the cell and within the cytoplasm by serving as create their whiplike motion.
