BIO 169 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Central tolerance - ✔✔is the process by which developing lymphocytes that strongly
react to the body's own antigens are eliminated during maturation in primary lymphoid
organs.
Occurs in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
✔✔Explain why T lymphocytes leaving the thymus are called both immunocompetent
and naive - ✔✔Immunocompetent means that the T lymphocytes have successfully
developed functional T-cell receptors (TCRs) and have passed positive and negative
selection in the thymus.
Naïve means that although the T lymphocytes are fully capable of responding to an
antigen, they have not yet encountered their specific antigen in the body
✔✔Describe the formation and function of T lymphocytes in peripheral tolerance - ✔✔
✔✔Describe how both helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated,
including the specific role of IL-2 in both activations - ✔✔
✔✔Compare the activation of B lymphocyes with that of T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Describe lymphocyte recirculation and explain its general function - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the effector response of helper T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Describe how an unhealthy cell is destroyed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Explain why the processes of T lymphocytes are collectively called the cellmediated
branch of adaptive immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the function of plasma cells in the effector response of B lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Define antibody titer - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the general structure of an immunoglobulin molecule including its 2
functional regions - ✔✔
✔✔List the functions of the antigen-binding site and Fc region of antibodies and briefly
describe how each occurs - ✔✔
, ✔✔Describe the structure, location, and specific function of the 5 major classes of
immunoglobulins - ✔✔
✔✔Define immunologic memory, and explain how it occurs. - ✔✔
✔✔Discuss the difference between the primary response and the secondary response
to antigen exposure. - ✔✔
✔✔Define active immunity and passive immunity, and describe how both active and
passive immunity can be acquired naturally and artificially. - ✔✔
✔✔List and explain the functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔
✔✔Compare and contrast the structural organization and the functional organization of
the respiratory system - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the structure of the mucosa that lines the respiratory tract and the
structural changes observed along its length - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the function of mucus produced by the mucosa - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the structure and function of the nose and nasal cavity - ✔✔
✔✔Identify the four paired paranasal sinuses and describe their functions - ✔✔
✔✔Compare the three regions of the pharynx and identify and describe their associated
structures - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and general functions of the larynx - ✔✔
✔✔Explain how the larynx produces sounds - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and function of the trachea - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structural subdivisions of the bronchial tree - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and function of the components of the respiratory
zone - ✔✔
✔✔List three types of cells found in alveoli and describe the function of each - ✔✔
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Central tolerance - ✔✔is the process by which developing lymphocytes that strongly
react to the body's own antigens are eliminated during maturation in primary lymphoid
organs.
Occurs in the thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
Ensures the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues.
✔✔Explain why T lymphocytes leaving the thymus are called both immunocompetent
and naive - ✔✔Immunocompetent means that the T lymphocytes have successfully
developed functional T-cell receptors (TCRs) and have passed positive and negative
selection in the thymus.
Naïve means that although the T lymphocytes are fully capable of responding to an
antigen, they have not yet encountered their specific antigen in the body
✔✔Describe the formation and function of T lymphocytes in peripheral tolerance - ✔✔
✔✔Describe how both helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated,
including the specific role of IL-2 in both activations - ✔✔
✔✔Compare the activation of B lymphocyes with that of T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Describe lymphocyte recirculation and explain its general function - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the effector response of helper T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Describe how an unhealthy cell is destroyed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Explain why the processes of T lymphocytes are collectively called the cellmediated
branch of adaptive immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the function of plasma cells in the effector response of B lymphocytes - ✔✔
✔✔Define antibody titer - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the general structure of an immunoglobulin molecule including its 2
functional regions - ✔✔
✔✔List the functions of the antigen-binding site and Fc region of antibodies and briefly
describe how each occurs - ✔✔
, ✔✔Describe the structure, location, and specific function of the 5 major classes of
immunoglobulins - ✔✔
✔✔Define immunologic memory, and explain how it occurs. - ✔✔
✔✔Discuss the difference between the primary response and the secondary response
to antigen exposure. - ✔✔
✔✔Define active immunity and passive immunity, and describe how both active and
passive immunity can be acquired naturally and artificially. - ✔✔
✔✔List and explain the functions of the respiratory system - ✔✔
✔✔Compare and contrast the structural organization and the functional organization of
the respiratory system - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the structure of the mucosa that lines the respiratory tract and the
structural changes observed along its length - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the function of mucus produced by the mucosa - ✔✔
✔✔Describe the structure and function of the nose and nasal cavity - ✔✔
✔✔Identify the four paired paranasal sinuses and describe their functions - ✔✔
✔✔Compare the three regions of the pharynx and identify and describe their associated
structures - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and general functions of the larynx - ✔✔
✔✔Explain how the larynx produces sounds - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and function of the trachea - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structural subdivisions of the bronchial tree - ✔✔
✔✔Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation - ✔✔
✔✔Identify and describe the structure and function of the components of the respiratory
zone - ✔✔
✔✔List three types of cells found in alveoli and describe the function of each - ✔✔
