Candidate number: 9042 Rohan Jadav 1.2
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the autonomic nervous system
2. How does the autonomic nervous system control the following systems?
-Cardiovascular system
-Exocrine glands
-Gastrointestinal tract
-The eye
3. How can a single agent have all of the above effects, and suggest such an agent?
Introduction:
1|Page
, Candidate number: 9042 Rohan Jadav 1.2
This patient in the scenario above is exhibiting many different symptoms that have a
relationship to the malfunctioning of the cardiovascular system, the eye, the GI tract
(Gastro-Intestinal tract) and also the exocrine glands. The co-ordination and regulation of all
these are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (Noback et al., 2005). The symptoms
suggest complications with regards to the autonomic nervous system, perhaps indicating
that a drug may be the root cause for these problems. My scientific report will go through
the nervous system as a whole and also explain in detail the functioning of the structures
mentioned above, in order to find more about what introduced these symptoms in the
patient.
The Nervous System overview:
As it is shown below in figure 1, the nervous system in our body contains two main
divisions, the first being the central nervous system (CNS), that comprises the spinal cord
and the brain. The second division is the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is then
further separated into the motor and sensory division. The sensory division is made up of
afferent neurones that receive the inputs which are then transported to the CNS; the inputs
being detected by a wide variety of receptors such as interoceptors that respond to stimuli
present inside the body, exteroceptors that respond to stimulus present outside the body,
and also proprioceptors that respond to stimuli with regards to position and movement of
the human body (McArthur, 2019a). On the other hand the motor division is made up of
many efferent neurones conducting the same signals from the CNS to the effector muscles
and organs present around the body, which then brings about a response. In addition to
this, there are also interneurones present, which help in the communication between the
CNS and afferent/efferent neurones. The motor division then also subdivides into the
somatic nervous system which is the regulation of voluntary muscles and the autonomic
nervous system which controls involuntary muscles such as cardiac or smooth muscles. As
well as this, the autonomic nervous system is also halved into the Sympathetic Nervous
System (SNS) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PsNS).
Figure 1: The nervous system of our body(Sparks,
2017)
Somatic Autonomic
Controls all voluntary actions e.g Skeletal Controls various in
Muscles glands e.g exocrine
cardiac/smooth m
Managed by the cerebrum Managed by medu
hypothalamus (hom
brain)
Always excitatory Inhibitory and exci
Axon terminal releases only acetylcholine. Either nor-epineph
acetylcholine neur
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Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe the autonomic nervous system
2. How does the autonomic nervous system control the following systems?
-Cardiovascular system
-Exocrine glands
-Gastrointestinal tract
-The eye
3. How can a single agent have all of the above effects, and suggest such an agent?
Introduction:
1|Page
, Candidate number: 9042 Rohan Jadav 1.2
This patient in the scenario above is exhibiting many different symptoms that have a
relationship to the malfunctioning of the cardiovascular system, the eye, the GI tract
(Gastro-Intestinal tract) and also the exocrine glands. The co-ordination and regulation of all
these are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (Noback et al., 2005). The symptoms
suggest complications with regards to the autonomic nervous system, perhaps indicating
that a drug may be the root cause for these problems. My scientific report will go through
the nervous system as a whole and also explain in detail the functioning of the structures
mentioned above, in order to find more about what introduced these symptoms in the
patient.
The Nervous System overview:
As it is shown below in figure 1, the nervous system in our body contains two main
divisions, the first being the central nervous system (CNS), that comprises the spinal cord
and the brain. The second division is the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is then
further separated into the motor and sensory division. The sensory division is made up of
afferent neurones that receive the inputs which are then transported to the CNS; the inputs
being detected by a wide variety of receptors such as interoceptors that respond to stimuli
present inside the body, exteroceptors that respond to stimulus present outside the body,
and also proprioceptors that respond to stimuli with regards to position and movement of
the human body (McArthur, 2019a). On the other hand the motor division is made up of
many efferent neurones conducting the same signals from the CNS to the effector muscles
and organs present around the body, which then brings about a response. In addition to
this, there are also interneurones present, which help in the communication between the
CNS and afferent/efferent neurones. The motor division then also subdivides into the
somatic nervous system which is the regulation of voluntary muscles and the autonomic
nervous system which controls involuntary muscles such as cardiac or smooth muscles. As
well as this, the autonomic nervous system is also halved into the Sympathetic Nervous
System (SNS) and the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PsNS).
Figure 1: The nervous system of our body(Sparks,
2017)
Somatic Autonomic
Controls all voluntary actions e.g Skeletal Controls various in
Muscles glands e.g exocrine
cardiac/smooth m
Managed by the cerebrum Managed by medu
hypothalamus (hom
brain)
Always excitatory Inhibitory and exci
Axon terminal releases only acetylcholine. Either nor-epineph
acetylcholine neur
2|Page
