EDUC 181 EXAMS SCRIPT 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Impact of researcher's sampling technique on the generalizability of their study? -
✔✔If a researcher uses nonprobability, it is more likely that their results will not be
representative or accurate of the population studied.
✔✔Basic Research - ✔✔conducted to test and develop theories, generate general
information, little real-world application, does not benefit anyone directly, but can lead to
development of other questions
✔✔Applied Research - ✔✔solving of day-to-day problems within a subject area
(continuously informs the work done with children and families)
✔✔Longitudinal Study - ✔✔same group of participants, same age, over time. Used to
assess how a single generation changes over time. Patterns may be inconsistent in
subsequent generations, and participants may drop out of the study
✔✔Cross-Sectional Study - ✔✔different ages of participants at the same time.
Differences in age = variable of interest. Does not take into account generational effects
✔✔Theory - ✔✔Interconnected ideas that logically explain a particular pattern of
behaviors
✔✔Microsystem - ✔✔immediate surroundings or experiences
(people/objects/environment)
✔✔Mesosystem - ✔✔connections across different microsystems
✔✔Exosystem - ✔✔social setting that may not be experienced firsthand but still
influences their development (parental job/parental socialization)
✔✔Macrosystem - ✔✔cultures and subcultures in which microsystems are embedded
✔✔Nature vs Nurture - ✔✔To what degree do genetic influences determine traits and
behaviors of an individual as opposed to environmental influences?
✔✔0-2 Sensorimotor - ✔✔infant's knowledge of world based on senses and motor skills
(object permanence, reaction to caregiver, simple reflexes)
✔✔2-7 Preoperational Thought - ✔✔child learns to use symbols to represent aspects of
the world (understanding of emotions, talking, increased mobility)
, ✔✔7-11 Concrete Operational Thought - ✔✔child understands and applies logical
thinking to experiences (understanding of others' perspectives, increased physical
independence)
✔✔11+ Formal Operational Thought - ✔✔adolescents and adults think abstractly, deal
with hypothetical situations, and speculate about possibilities (increased compassion,
understanding of others' motivations)
✔✔Classical Conditioning - ✔✔Pavlov; learning which occurs through association, such
as two stimuli being linked which causes a learned response to develop within the
person exposed to such stimuli
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔BF Skinner; Which consequence (positive vs. negative)
determine whether that behavior will be repeated... behavior is determined by its
consequences
✔✔Positive reinforcement - ✔✔A reward given when a desired behavior/task occurs
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔A punishment applied when a undesired behavior/task
occurs
✔✔Social Learning theory - ✔✔Bandura;Learning occurs through direct experiences,
verbal communication, and modelling from others. Individuals internalize collected
information as to which behaviors are desired. Individuals construct their own beliefs
rather than mimicking models or anticipating rewards/punishments
✔✔family of orientation - ✔✔the family one is born into
✔✔extended family - ✔✔family that extends beyond the nuclear family
✔✔family of procreation - ✔✔family created via marriage, adoption, close relations etc.
✔✔Responsive parenting - ✔✔Parents are aware of their child's emotional and physical
needs AND respond appropriately to these needs
✔✔Parental Caregiving - ✔✔attachment to mother/parents, norm for many years before
women entered workforce
✔✔Nonparental Caregiving - ✔✔"less emotional support" from maternal care, how
society can provide parents with resources which will allow them to afford high quality
childcare that will help children optimally develop
✔✔What is object permanence? - ✔✔Object permanence refers to the ability to
understand that although an object may have left the field of vision, it still exists
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Impact of researcher's sampling technique on the generalizability of their study? -
✔✔If a researcher uses nonprobability, it is more likely that their results will not be
representative or accurate of the population studied.
✔✔Basic Research - ✔✔conducted to test and develop theories, generate general
information, little real-world application, does not benefit anyone directly, but can lead to
development of other questions
✔✔Applied Research - ✔✔solving of day-to-day problems within a subject area
(continuously informs the work done with children and families)
✔✔Longitudinal Study - ✔✔same group of participants, same age, over time. Used to
assess how a single generation changes over time. Patterns may be inconsistent in
subsequent generations, and participants may drop out of the study
✔✔Cross-Sectional Study - ✔✔different ages of participants at the same time.
Differences in age = variable of interest. Does not take into account generational effects
✔✔Theory - ✔✔Interconnected ideas that logically explain a particular pattern of
behaviors
✔✔Microsystem - ✔✔immediate surroundings or experiences
(people/objects/environment)
✔✔Mesosystem - ✔✔connections across different microsystems
✔✔Exosystem - ✔✔social setting that may not be experienced firsthand but still
influences their development (parental job/parental socialization)
✔✔Macrosystem - ✔✔cultures and subcultures in which microsystems are embedded
✔✔Nature vs Nurture - ✔✔To what degree do genetic influences determine traits and
behaviors of an individual as opposed to environmental influences?
✔✔0-2 Sensorimotor - ✔✔infant's knowledge of world based on senses and motor skills
(object permanence, reaction to caregiver, simple reflexes)
✔✔2-7 Preoperational Thought - ✔✔child learns to use symbols to represent aspects of
the world (understanding of emotions, talking, increased mobility)
, ✔✔7-11 Concrete Operational Thought - ✔✔child understands and applies logical
thinking to experiences (understanding of others' perspectives, increased physical
independence)
✔✔11+ Formal Operational Thought - ✔✔adolescents and adults think abstractly, deal
with hypothetical situations, and speculate about possibilities (increased compassion,
understanding of others' motivations)
✔✔Classical Conditioning - ✔✔Pavlov; learning which occurs through association, such
as two stimuli being linked which causes a learned response to develop within the
person exposed to such stimuli
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔BF Skinner; Which consequence (positive vs. negative)
determine whether that behavior will be repeated... behavior is determined by its
consequences
✔✔Positive reinforcement - ✔✔A reward given when a desired behavior/task occurs
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔A punishment applied when a undesired behavior/task
occurs
✔✔Social Learning theory - ✔✔Bandura;Learning occurs through direct experiences,
verbal communication, and modelling from others. Individuals internalize collected
information as to which behaviors are desired. Individuals construct their own beliefs
rather than mimicking models or anticipating rewards/punishments
✔✔family of orientation - ✔✔the family one is born into
✔✔extended family - ✔✔family that extends beyond the nuclear family
✔✔family of procreation - ✔✔family created via marriage, adoption, close relations etc.
✔✔Responsive parenting - ✔✔Parents are aware of their child's emotional and physical
needs AND respond appropriately to these needs
✔✔Parental Caregiving - ✔✔attachment to mother/parents, norm for many years before
women entered workforce
✔✔Nonparental Caregiving - ✔✔"less emotional support" from maternal care, how
society can provide parents with resources which will allow them to afford high quality
childcare that will help children optimally develop
✔✔What is object permanence? - ✔✔Object permanence refers to the ability to
understand that although an object may have left the field of vision, it still exists
