BIOS 1300 EXAM SCRIPT 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔five microzones within epiphyseal plate - ✔✔-reserve cartilage
-cell proliferation
-cell hypertrophy
-calcification
-bone deposition
✔✔growth occurs in which microzones - ✔✔cell proliferation, cell hypertrophy
✔✔zone of reserve cartilage - ✔✔furthest from the marrow cavity
✔✔zone of cell proliferation - ✔✔chondrocytes multiply (mitosis)
✔✔zone of cell hypertrophy - ✔✔chondrocytes enlarge (like in primary ossification
center)
✔✔zone of calcification - ✔✔minerals deposited in matrix, destroys chondrocytes
✔✔zone of bone deposition - ✔✔lacunae walls break down, blood vessels and
osteoprogenitor cells invade, deposits new matrix
✔✔the microzone activities during interstitial growth combine to push the zone of
reserve cartilage toward __________ - ✔✔epiphysis
✔✔epiphyseal plate maintains thickness during _________ - ✔✔childhood
✔✔at maturity, epiphyseal cartilage production ______, and rate of osteoblast
productivity ______ - ✔✔decreases, increases
✔✔ultimately the epiphyseal plate closes and the only remnant is the _____________ -
✔✔epiphyseal line
✔✔appositional growth occurs in the - ✔✔inner layer of periosteum
✔✔osteoblasts in the inner layer deposit bone matrix called - ✔✔circumferential
lamellae
✔✔as osteoblasts increase in number, bone grows _______ - ✔✔
✔✔during appositional growth, osteoclasts in __________ resorb bone matrix -
✔✔marrow cavity
,✔✔dietary nutrients for bone growth - ✔✔-calcium and phosphate
-vitamin c + d
-collagen
✔✔as the rate of collagen production ______ the rate of mitosis for chondrocytes and
osteoblasts _______ - ✔✔increases, increases
✔✔growth hormone - ✔✔increases bone elongation
✔✔Insulin like growth factors (IGF) is like - ✔✔insulin
✔✔IGF's glucose is used by the cell for - ✔✔energy
✔✔what is needed for growth hormone to work - ✔✔insulin
✔✔thyroid hormone - ✔✔increases rate of protein synthesis
✔✔what hormone dramatically accelerates bone growth - ✔✔estrogen
✔✔sex hormones - ✔✔estrogen, testosterone
✔✔estrogen prevents _____ and stimulates _____ - ✔✔osteoporosis, osteoblasts
✔✔condition where bones become weak and brittle - ✔✔osteoporosis
✔✔testosterone slows ______ - ✔✔osteoclasts
✔✔_____ of skeletal tissue is replaced per year - ✔✔10%
✔✔bones reshapes throughout a _______ - ✔✔lifetime
✔✔bone remodeling occurs at which surfaces - ✔✔periosteal and endosteal
✔✔bone remodeling does/doesn't occur the same rate everywhere in the body -
✔✔doesn't
✔✔_______ bone is replaced at a slower rate than _______ bone - ✔✔compact,
spongy
✔✔trabecular of spongy bone lined with _______ - ✔✔endosteum
✔✔Wolff's Law - ✔✔bone grows in response to the stress placed upon it
, ✔✔bone is shaped by its - ✔✔functional experience
✔✔mechanical stress occurs in the form of what - ✔✔exercise and weight-bearing
movements
✔✔stress is detected by _____ and communicated to _____ - ✔✔osteocytes,
osteoblasts
✔✔people who exercise have more - ✔✔osteoblast activity
✔✔people who are sedentary have more - ✔✔osteoclast activity
✔✔bone growth stimulators are used for people who have - ✔✔nonunion or delayed
union fractures
✔✔reasons for nonunion or delayed union fractures include: - ✔✔
✔✔compression - ✔✔electronegative
✔✔tensile - ✔✔electropositive
✔✔homeostasis of calcium blood concentrations is - ✔✔critical to the maintenance of
life
✔✔functions include: - ✔✔-nerve exocytosis
-muscle contraction
-heart stimulation by pacemaker cells
-blood clotting
✔✔normal blood calcium concentration is - ✔✔9.2 to 10.4
✔✔source of calcium reserve - ✔✔skeleton and teeth
✔✔what regulates calcium concentrations - ✔✔hormones
✔✔hypocalcemia - ✔✔blood calcium deficiency
✔✔symptoms of hypocalcemia - ✔✔muscle tremors, spasm, tetany
✔✔you can tell someone has hypocalcemia w/o lab results by looking for -
✔✔Trousseau sign
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔five microzones within epiphyseal plate - ✔✔-reserve cartilage
-cell proliferation
-cell hypertrophy
-calcification
-bone deposition
✔✔growth occurs in which microzones - ✔✔cell proliferation, cell hypertrophy
✔✔zone of reserve cartilage - ✔✔furthest from the marrow cavity
✔✔zone of cell proliferation - ✔✔chondrocytes multiply (mitosis)
✔✔zone of cell hypertrophy - ✔✔chondrocytes enlarge (like in primary ossification
center)
✔✔zone of calcification - ✔✔minerals deposited in matrix, destroys chondrocytes
✔✔zone of bone deposition - ✔✔lacunae walls break down, blood vessels and
osteoprogenitor cells invade, deposits new matrix
✔✔the microzone activities during interstitial growth combine to push the zone of
reserve cartilage toward __________ - ✔✔epiphysis
✔✔epiphyseal plate maintains thickness during _________ - ✔✔childhood
✔✔at maturity, epiphyseal cartilage production ______, and rate of osteoblast
productivity ______ - ✔✔decreases, increases
✔✔ultimately the epiphyseal plate closes and the only remnant is the _____________ -
✔✔epiphyseal line
✔✔appositional growth occurs in the - ✔✔inner layer of periosteum
✔✔osteoblasts in the inner layer deposit bone matrix called - ✔✔circumferential
lamellae
✔✔as osteoblasts increase in number, bone grows _______ - ✔✔
✔✔during appositional growth, osteoclasts in __________ resorb bone matrix -
✔✔marrow cavity
,✔✔dietary nutrients for bone growth - ✔✔-calcium and phosphate
-vitamin c + d
-collagen
✔✔as the rate of collagen production ______ the rate of mitosis for chondrocytes and
osteoblasts _______ - ✔✔increases, increases
✔✔growth hormone - ✔✔increases bone elongation
✔✔Insulin like growth factors (IGF) is like - ✔✔insulin
✔✔IGF's glucose is used by the cell for - ✔✔energy
✔✔what is needed for growth hormone to work - ✔✔insulin
✔✔thyroid hormone - ✔✔increases rate of protein synthesis
✔✔what hormone dramatically accelerates bone growth - ✔✔estrogen
✔✔sex hormones - ✔✔estrogen, testosterone
✔✔estrogen prevents _____ and stimulates _____ - ✔✔osteoporosis, osteoblasts
✔✔condition where bones become weak and brittle - ✔✔osteoporosis
✔✔testosterone slows ______ - ✔✔osteoclasts
✔✔_____ of skeletal tissue is replaced per year - ✔✔10%
✔✔bones reshapes throughout a _______ - ✔✔lifetime
✔✔bone remodeling occurs at which surfaces - ✔✔periosteal and endosteal
✔✔bone remodeling does/doesn't occur the same rate everywhere in the body -
✔✔doesn't
✔✔_______ bone is replaced at a slower rate than _______ bone - ✔✔compact,
spongy
✔✔trabecular of spongy bone lined with _______ - ✔✔endosteum
✔✔Wolff's Law - ✔✔bone grows in response to the stress placed upon it
, ✔✔bone is shaped by its - ✔✔functional experience
✔✔mechanical stress occurs in the form of what - ✔✔exercise and weight-bearing
movements
✔✔stress is detected by _____ and communicated to _____ - ✔✔osteocytes,
osteoblasts
✔✔people who exercise have more - ✔✔osteoblast activity
✔✔people who are sedentary have more - ✔✔osteoclast activity
✔✔bone growth stimulators are used for people who have - ✔✔nonunion or delayed
union fractures
✔✔reasons for nonunion or delayed union fractures include: - ✔✔
✔✔compression - ✔✔electronegative
✔✔tensile - ✔✔electropositive
✔✔homeostasis of calcium blood concentrations is - ✔✔critical to the maintenance of
life
✔✔functions include: - ✔✔-nerve exocytosis
-muscle contraction
-heart stimulation by pacemaker cells
-blood clotting
✔✔normal blood calcium concentration is - ✔✔9.2 to 10.4
✔✔source of calcium reserve - ✔✔skeleton and teeth
✔✔what regulates calcium concentrations - ✔✔hormones
✔✔hypocalcemia - ✔✔blood calcium deficiency
✔✔symptoms of hypocalcemia - ✔✔muscle tremors, spasm, tetany
✔✔you can tell someone has hypocalcemia w/o lab results by looking for -
✔✔Trousseau sign
