GEN BIO 1 (1ST MASTERY EXAM) REVIEWER Matthias Schleiden
LESSON 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - botanist
1. Homeostasis – constant internal conditions Theodore Shwann
2. Organization – biological structure - zoologist and physiologist
3. Metabolism – acquire, use and convert energy
4. Growth and Development Classical Cell Theory:
5. Adaptation – for survival 1. Cell is the basic building block of life
6. Reproduction – through DNA (types: sexual & asexual) 2. All organisms are made up of cells
7. Response to stimuli – reacts to a change in its environment 3. All cells came from pre-existing cells
a. Pacinian Corpuscle – Deep pressure
b. Meissner’s Corpuscle – Touch Structure of Living Organisms:
c. RuNini’s End Organ – Heat § Unicellular – singular, independent cell (ex: bacteria)
d. Krause’s Bulb – Cold § Multicellular – almost all organisms that exist
e. Bare Nerve Endings – Pain
i. Sweat gland Cell Types: (fundamental structure)
ii. Sebaceous Gland - (Secretes oil) § Prokaryote – no nucleus, no membrane-bound
organelles
LESSON 2: MICROSCOPE § Eukaryote – with nucleus and membrane-bound
- instrument that magnifies object organelles
Similarities Di,erences
Types: Ribosome Nucleus
1. Simple – composed of only 1 lens Cell membrane Organelles
2. Compound – comped of 2 or more lenses Cytoplasm
DNA (nucleoid region in Prokaryotes)
Categories of Light Compound Microscope (LCM)
Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. Illuminating – provide light
Cell wall Present Absent
2. Magnifying – enlarge the object/specimen
Chloroplasts Present Absent
3. Mechanical – support, adjust, connect, & move parts
Vacuoles 1 large Small, numerous
Centrioles Absent Present
Parts and Functions: Lysosome Absent Present
1. Mirror/Light source – used to reflect light to specimen Shape Fixed (rectangle, cube) Irregular/rounded
2. Iris diaphragm – controls the light going through
aperture Cell Types: (how they obtain food)
3. Eyepiece/Ocular – where you look § Heterotrophs – from others, ‘consumers’
4. Ocular lens – enlarges the object (6x, 10x or 30x) 1. Herbivore – plant
5. Objective – gathers light 2. Carnivore – meat
6. Objective lens – increase the magnification 3. Omnivore – meat & plant
§ Scanning Power Objective – 4x 4. Detritivore – dead/decay
§ Low Power Objective – 10x § Autotrophs – produces on their own, ‘producers’
§ High Power Objective – 40x
§ Oil immersion Objective – 100x LESSON 4: CELL STRCUTURE & FUNCTIONS
Plasma/Cell Membrane
- provides covering for the cell
- impermeable to harmful, permeable to beneficial
- phospholipid bilayer:
o head – water loving (phospho)
o tail – water fearing (lipid)
Cytoplasm
- largest part of the cell
- fluid part
7. Aperture – hole in the stage - contains enzyme
8. Body tube – connects eyepiece to objective lens Centrioles
9. Course adjustment knob – large, round knob - barrel-like structure
10. Fine adjustment knob – small, round knob - centers for microtubule formation
11. Revolving nosepiece – holds 2 or more objective - determine cell polarity during cell division
lenses - form the basal bodies of cilia & flagella
12. Arm – supports the tube and connects it to the base Spindle fibers
13. Stage clips – hold the slide in place - ropes
14. Stage – platform - assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell
15. Condenser – collect and focus light division
16. Base – bottom, used for support Microtubules
- thin, hollow tube-like structure
LESSON 3: CELL THEORY - commonly found in plasma membrane
Cell – basic structural, functional, biological unit of life - regulates the addition of cellulose to the cell wall
- Building block of life Microfilaments
Robert Hooke (1665) - long, protein filaments arranged in bundles
- Coined the term “cell” - plays an important role in cyclosis (streaming
- Discovered cell (cork cell, dead cell) movement of cytoplasm)
- Father of Cytology Cilia
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - hair-like structure
- Observe bacteria, yeasts, & red blood cells - extensions of plasma membrane
- Father of Microscopy - move materials over the surface of cells
- Father of Microbiology
LESSON 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE - botanist
1. Homeostasis – constant internal conditions Theodore Shwann
2. Organization – biological structure - zoologist and physiologist
3. Metabolism – acquire, use and convert energy
4. Growth and Development Classical Cell Theory:
5. Adaptation – for survival 1. Cell is the basic building block of life
6. Reproduction – through DNA (types: sexual & asexual) 2. All organisms are made up of cells
7. Response to stimuli – reacts to a change in its environment 3. All cells came from pre-existing cells
a. Pacinian Corpuscle – Deep pressure
b. Meissner’s Corpuscle – Touch Structure of Living Organisms:
c. RuNini’s End Organ – Heat § Unicellular – singular, independent cell (ex: bacteria)
d. Krause’s Bulb – Cold § Multicellular – almost all organisms that exist
e. Bare Nerve Endings – Pain
i. Sweat gland Cell Types: (fundamental structure)
ii. Sebaceous Gland - (Secretes oil) § Prokaryote – no nucleus, no membrane-bound
organelles
LESSON 2: MICROSCOPE § Eukaryote – with nucleus and membrane-bound
- instrument that magnifies object organelles
Similarities Di,erences
Types: Ribosome Nucleus
1. Simple – composed of only 1 lens Cell membrane Organelles
2. Compound – comped of 2 or more lenses Cytoplasm
DNA (nucleoid region in Prokaryotes)
Categories of Light Compound Microscope (LCM)
Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. Illuminating – provide light
Cell wall Present Absent
2. Magnifying – enlarge the object/specimen
Chloroplasts Present Absent
3. Mechanical – support, adjust, connect, & move parts
Vacuoles 1 large Small, numerous
Centrioles Absent Present
Parts and Functions: Lysosome Absent Present
1. Mirror/Light source – used to reflect light to specimen Shape Fixed (rectangle, cube) Irregular/rounded
2. Iris diaphragm – controls the light going through
aperture Cell Types: (how they obtain food)
3. Eyepiece/Ocular – where you look § Heterotrophs – from others, ‘consumers’
4. Ocular lens – enlarges the object (6x, 10x or 30x) 1. Herbivore – plant
5. Objective – gathers light 2. Carnivore – meat
6. Objective lens – increase the magnification 3. Omnivore – meat & plant
§ Scanning Power Objective – 4x 4. Detritivore – dead/decay
§ Low Power Objective – 10x § Autotrophs – produces on their own, ‘producers’
§ High Power Objective – 40x
§ Oil immersion Objective – 100x LESSON 4: CELL STRCUTURE & FUNCTIONS
Plasma/Cell Membrane
- provides covering for the cell
- impermeable to harmful, permeable to beneficial
- phospholipid bilayer:
o head – water loving (phospho)
o tail – water fearing (lipid)
Cytoplasm
- largest part of the cell
- fluid part
7. Aperture – hole in the stage - contains enzyme
8. Body tube – connects eyepiece to objective lens Centrioles
9. Course adjustment knob – large, round knob - barrel-like structure
10. Fine adjustment knob – small, round knob - centers for microtubule formation
11. Revolving nosepiece – holds 2 or more objective - determine cell polarity during cell division
lenses - form the basal bodies of cilia & flagella
12. Arm – supports the tube and connects it to the base Spindle fibers
13. Stage clips – hold the slide in place - ropes
14. Stage – platform - assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell
15. Condenser – collect and focus light division
16. Base – bottom, used for support Microtubules
- thin, hollow tube-like structure
LESSON 3: CELL THEORY - commonly found in plasma membrane
Cell – basic structural, functional, biological unit of life - regulates the addition of cellulose to the cell wall
- Building block of life Microfilaments
Robert Hooke (1665) - long, protein filaments arranged in bundles
- Coined the term “cell” - plays an important role in cyclosis (streaming
- Discovered cell (cork cell, dead cell) movement of cytoplasm)
- Father of Cytology Cilia
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) - hair-like structure
- Observe bacteria, yeasts, & red blood cells - extensions of plasma membrane
- Father of Microscopy - move materials over the surface of cells
- Father of Microbiology
