Explain how faulty processes can have a negative impact on group productivity.
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Actual group productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty
processes.
- Faulty process = Co-ordination losses.
- Poor tactics/lack of communication/poor teamwork.
- Ringlemann Effect: as group size increases the individual contribution
decreases/more opportunity for communication breakdown.
- Faulty process = motivational losses.
- Incorrect arousal levels/feeling under-valued/low self efficacy/poor
concentration/avoidance behaviour/fear of failure.
- Social Loafing: reduction in motivation and individual effort.
- Cohesion/task cohesion decreases/actual productivity decreases.
- Social cohesion is poor - social cliques formed.
Outline disadvantages of using questionnaires as a method for testing personality.
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- No agreed definition of personality affects validity of questionnaire.
- Individual may not understand the question.
- Questions may be too limited.
- Inappropriate questions/biased questions.
- Answers affected by time of completion/mood of performer.
- Therefore reliability affected.
- Ethically difficult to assess your own personality accurately.
Describe how attitudes can be changed through cognitive dissonance.
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- Create a feeling of psychological discomfort/unease/conflict/disharmony.
- Through putting pressure/challenging
beliefs(cognitive)/emotions(affective)/behaviour through new information.
- Changing one of the components so attitudes are aligned/discomfort is
resolved.
Explain the term evaluation apprehension and describe a named cognitive stress
management technique used to improve performance levels.
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,- Evaluation apprehension: performer only influenced by an audience or
crowd if they perceive they are judging their performance.
Techniques:
1. Thought Stopping
- Use of cue.
- Re-directs attention to positive thoughts.
- Example, key word - 'focus.'
2. Self-Talk (Positive)
- When negative thoughts occur.
- Replace with positive statements about performance.
- 'Nerves are good before the race.'
3. Imagery/Visualisation/Mental Rehearsal
- Formation of mental pictures of good performance/imagine in a calm
place.
- Internal: creating the feeling of the movement.
- External: seeing themselves completing the movement.
4. Attentional Control
- Changing the focus of attention to detect only relevant cues/improve
selective attention.
- Broad/External: used during games to detect fast changing situations and
identify the best option.
- External/Narrow: used to concentrate on specific objects or tasks,
possibly with limited number of cues.
- Narrow/Internal: used to mentally rehearse a skill or task.
- Internal/Broad: used to analyse performance and plan future strategies
and tactics.
5. Goal Setting:
- Targets must be SMART.
- Specific: to the sport/performer.
- Measurable: quantitative/objective.
- Achievable: within performance capability.
- Realistic: within performance capability.
- Time phased: long/short term goals/deadlines.
, Explain the term 'task cohesion' and why it is vital for success in any game.
Give this one a try later!
- Task cohesion: ability of the group to achieve a common goal.
- Players need to be able interact effectively/good communication.
- Understand own role/other's role/good co-ordination.
- Poor cohesion can be classed as a faulty process.
- Good task cohesion can help social cohesion.
- Social cohesion - the ability of the group to relate well to each other/get
along socially.
- Social cohesion is not vital for group success/task cohesion is more
important than social cohesion.
Explain why the physical preparation and mental preparation for performers in golf
and in rugby may differ.
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
Actual group productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty
processes.
- Faulty process = Co-ordination losses.
- Poor tactics/lack of communication/poor teamwork.
- Ringlemann Effect: as group size increases the individual contribution
decreases/more opportunity for communication breakdown.
- Faulty process = motivational losses.
- Incorrect arousal levels/feeling under-valued/low self efficacy/poor
concentration/avoidance behaviour/fear of failure.
- Social Loafing: reduction in motivation and individual effort.
- Cohesion/task cohesion decreases/actual productivity decreases.
- Social cohesion is poor - social cliques formed.
Outline disadvantages of using questionnaires as a method for testing personality.
,Give this one a try later!
- No agreed definition of personality affects validity of questionnaire.
- Individual may not understand the question.
- Questions may be too limited.
- Inappropriate questions/biased questions.
- Answers affected by time of completion/mood of performer.
- Therefore reliability affected.
- Ethically difficult to assess your own personality accurately.
Describe how attitudes can be changed through cognitive dissonance.
Give this one a try later!
- Create a feeling of psychological discomfort/unease/conflict/disharmony.
- Through putting pressure/challenging
beliefs(cognitive)/emotions(affective)/behaviour through new information.
- Changing one of the components so attitudes are aligned/discomfort is
resolved.
Explain the term evaluation apprehension and describe a named cognitive stress
management technique used to improve performance levels.
Give this one a try later!
,- Evaluation apprehension: performer only influenced by an audience or
crowd if they perceive they are judging their performance.
Techniques:
1. Thought Stopping
- Use of cue.
- Re-directs attention to positive thoughts.
- Example, key word - 'focus.'
2. Self-Talk (Positive)
- When negative thoughts occur.
- Replace with positive statements about performance.
- 'Nerves are good before the race.'
3. Imagery/Visualisation/Mental Rehearsal
- Formation of mental pictures of good performance/imagine in a calm
place.
- Internal: creating the feeling of the movement.
- External: seeing themselves completing the movement.
4. Attentional Control
- Changing the focus of attention to detect only relevant cues/improve
selective attention.
- Broad/External: used during games to detect fast changing situations and
identify the best option.
- External/Narrow: used to concentrate on specific objects or tasks,
possibly with limited number of cues.
- Narrow/Internal: used to mentally rehearse a skill or task.
- Internal/Broad: used to analyse performance and plan future strategies
and tactics.
5. Goal Setting:
- Targets must be SMART.
- Specific: to the sport/performer.
- Measurable: quantitative/objective.
- Achievable: within performance capability.
- Realistic: within performance capability.
- Time phased: long/short term goals/deadlines.
, Explain the term 'task cohesion' and why it is vital for success in any game.
Give this one a try later!
- Task cohesion: ability of the group to achieve a common goal.
- Players need to be able interact effectively/good communication.
- Understand own role/other's role/good co-ordination.
- Poor cohesion can be classed as a faulty process.
- Good task cohesion can help social cohesion.
- Social cohesion - the ability of the group to relate well to each other/get
along socially.
- Social cohesion is not vital for group success/task cohesion is more
important than social cohesion.
Explain why the physical preparation and mental preparation for performers in golf
and in rugby may differ.
Give this one a try later!
