1
Study guide 1 Peds
Chapter 20: Caring for the developing child
Describe the principles inherent in the developmental process:
- Principles of childhood growth and development: Although children all grow at
different paces and have different strengths and weakness. Development occurs in an
orderly fashion and each child should progress through predictable stages within a
certain time frame.
o Growth refers to a continuous adjustment in size. Growth spurts tend to be
followed by periods of rest because it takes plenty of energy to continue the
growth process. The periods of rest allow the child to master their current growth
status before they spurt into the next.
o Development refers to the ongoing process of adapting throughout the life
span.
o Cephalocaudal: development of the head first then progresses to the toes.
o Proximodistally: development from center to peripheral.
o Gross to fine motor skills: Gross motor skills like running, jumping, or riding
a bike. While fine motor skills are eating, coloring or buttoning a shirt.
o Touchpoints: idea created by T.Barry Brazelton that are defined as “inthe first
three years of life the child’s spurts in growth result in disruption on the
family system”
An early touchpoint involves a 4-month old who becomes increasingly
aware of his surroundings. This will disrupt meals because baby will
search out sounds it had heard. It will disrupt sleep because at night time
baby might awaken at night.
Periods of regression that occur just before periods of growth.
Brazelton and sparrow (2002) went on to develop specific aspects
about the touchpoints that related to temperament, learning, moral
development, relationships, independence, and separation issues for
each of the years from 3-6. Responding to touchpoints help the
parents to help the child to develop in a healthy manner
This system pretty much supplies the parents with what to expect at
each developmental stage so the parent knows the child more than
anyone else.
Identify and explain the theories of growth and development:
Growth and development theories: explain, describe, and predict the various aspects of growth
and development. A developmental domain allows understanding of the total child in relation to
the mind, body and spirit. Growth and development requires energy, how that child expends that
energy is dependent on family, individual, and social factors.
Psychosocial developmental theories:
- Sigmund freud, psychosexual: focused on the influence of instincts. Instincts are
psychosexual in nature, meaning that a child progresss through developmental stages
based on resolution of conflicts surrounding urges and rules.
,2
, 3
o 3 aspects of human personality:
Id: the emotional part of the personality. Present at birth and is
unregulated. For instance, the instant reacts to a sound automatically by
crying. Id relies solely on instinct.
Ego: develops during the first year, separates the Id and reality.
Provides a sense of identity separate from others and promotes the
ability for the child to function independently.
Superego: develops between the age of 3-6. Helps regulate behavior,
allows us to fit in with society and its expectations. Child learns the
needs of self and others. Gives the child a perception of self. Learning
the difference between right and wrong.
- Erik Erikson; focused on the influence of social interaction. Seven stages of
development, mastery of a stage requires the individual to find balance between
two conflicting variables. Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved to
move on to the next stage in a healthy manner.
o Trust vs mistrust: occurs between birth and 1 year. The task for this stage is to
identify that there are people who can be trusted to take care of basic needs.
The struggle is that the child must also learn that not everyone should be
trusted. Through trust the child learn to have confidence in personal worth and
well-being with connectedness to others. Failure to meet this goal
leads to hopelessness and detachment. Signs of failure include failure to
thrive and attachment issues. Difficulty in trusting is seen in adults who have
problems maintaining significant relationships.
o Autonomy vs shame and doubt: 1-3 years of age. The goal of this stage is for
the child to develop independence and self-sufficiency against the predictable
sense of uncertainty and misgiving when placed in life situations. This is a
time for the child to develop a can-do attitude about self. Ex. A child wants to
pick out their own clothing. The struggle is the parents allow them
to make the choice while expecting the outfit to be socially acceptable. New
found independence is accompanied with new rules that cause internal
conflict. Child must develop personal abilities while dealing with fears and
wishes. The child that has self-doubt later in life if this is not successfully met.
o Initiative vs guilt: 3-6 years old. Task is to develop resourcefulness to achieve
and learn new things without receiving self-reproach. It is difficult for the child
wanting to be independent but also relying on parents. Examples of initiative:
learning songs, jokes, or games. The child feels confident to try new ideas. It is
important for parents and teachers to encourage initiative to allow child to
develop purpose.
o Industry vs inferiority: 6-12 years old: The sense of accomplishment can be
counterbalanced by a sense of inadequacy or inferiority that comes from not
succeeding. Industry is evident when the child is able to do homework
independently and regulate social behavior. If the child cannot complete
realistic expected tasks the feeling of inferiority may result.
Study guide 1 Peds
Chapter 20: Caring for the developing child
Describe the principles inherent in the developmental process:
- Principles of childhood growth and development: Although children all grow at
different paces and have different strengths and weakness. Development occurs in an
orderly fashion and each child should progress through predictable stages within a
certain time frame.
o Growth refers to a continuous adjustment in size. Growth spurts tend to be
followed by periods of rest because it takes plenty of energy to continue the
growth process. The periods of rest allow the child to master their current growth
status before they spurt into the next.
o Development refers to the ongoing process of adapting throughout the life
span.
o Cephalocaudal: development of the head first then progresses to the toes.
o Proximodistally: development from center to peripheral.
o Gross to fine motor skills: Gross motor skills like running, jumping, or riding
a bike. While fine motor skills are eating, coloring or buttoning a shirt.
o Touchpoints: idea created by T.Barry Brazelton that are defined as “inthe first
three years of life the child’s spurts in growth result in disruption on the
family system”
An early touchpoint involves a 4-month old who becomes increasingly
aware of his surroundings. This will disrupt meals because baby will
search out sounds it had heard. It will disrupt sleep because at night time
baby might awaken at night.
Periods of regression that occur just before periods of growth.
Brazelton and sparrow (2002) went on to develop specific aspects
about the touchpoints that related to temperament, learning, moral
development, relationships, independence, and separation issues for
each of the years from 3-6. Responding to touchpoints help the
parents to help the child to develop in a healthy manner
This system pretty much supplies the parents with what to expect at
each developmental stage so the parent knows the child more than
anyone else.
Identify and explain the theories of growth and development:
Growth and development theories: explain, describe, and predict the various aspects of growth
and development. A developmental domain allows understanding of the total child in relation to
the mind, body and spirit. Growth and development requires energy, how that child expends that
energy is dependent on family, individual, and social factors.
Psychosocial developmental theories:
- Sigmund freud, psychosexual: focused on the influence of instincts. Instincts are
psychosexual in nature, meaning that a child progresss through developmental stages
based on resolution of conflicts surrounding urges and rules.
,2
, 3
o 3 aspects of human personality:
Id: the emotional part of the personality. Present at birth and is
unregulated. For instance, the instant reacts to a sound automatically by
crying. Id relies solely on instinct.
Ego: develops during the first year, separates the Id and reality.
Provides a sense of identity separate from others and promotes the
ability for the child to function independently.
Superego: develops between the age of 3-6. Helps regulate behavior,
allows us to fit in with society and its expectations. Child learns the
needs of self and others. Gives the child a perception of self. Learning
the difference between right and wrong.
- Erik Erikson; focused on the influence of social interaction. Seven stages of
development, mastery of a stage requires the individual to find balance between
two conflicting variables. Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved to
move on to the next stage in a healthy manner.
o Trust vs mistrust: occurs between birth and 1 year. The task for this stage is to
identify that there are people who can be trusted to take care of basic needs.
The struggle is that the child must also learn that not everyone should be
trusted. Through trust the child learn to have confidence in personal worth and
well-being with connectedness to others. Failure to meet this goal
leads to hopelessness and detachment. Signs of failure include failure to
thrive and attachment issues. Difficulty in trusting is seen in adults who have
problems maintaining significant relationships.
o Autonomy vs shame and doubt: 1-3 years of age. The goal of this stage is for
the child to develop independence and self-sufficiency against the predictable
sense of uncertainty and misgiving when placed in life situations. This is a
time for the child to develop a can-do attitude about self. Ex. A child wants to
pick out their own clothing. The struggle is the parents allow them
to make the choice while expecting the outfit to be socially acceptable. New
found independence is accompanied with new rules that cause internal
conflict. Child must develop personal abilities while dealing with fears and
wishes. The child that has self-doubt later in life if this is not successfully met.
o Initiative vs guilt: 3-6 years old. Task is to develop resourcefulness to achieve
and learn new things without receiving self-reproach. It is difficult for the child
wanting to be independent but also relying on parents. Examples of initiative:
learning songs, jokes, or games. The child feels confident to try new ideas. It is
important for parents and teachers to encourage initiative to allow child to
develop purpose.
o Industry vs inferiority: 6-12 years old: The sense of accomplishment can be
counterbalanced by a sense of inadequacy or inferiority that comes from not
succeeding. Industry is evident when the child is able to do homework
independently and regulate social behavior. If the child cannot complete
realistic expected tasks the feeling of inferiority may result.
