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EXAM 1:
Chapter 25 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Infants
Infancy encompasses the period from birth to age 12 months.
The infant exhibits tremendous growth, doubling the birth weight by 6
months of age and tripling it by 12 months of age.
Most organ systems are immature at birth and develop and mature over the first year
of life.
Child development is orderly, sequential, and predictable, progressing in a
cephalocaudal and proximodistal fashion.
The infant is mastering the psychosocial task of Trust versus Mistrust.
Cognitive development in infancy is sensorimotor; infants use their senses
and progressing motor skills to master their environment.
The 12-month-old babbles expressively and uses two or three words
with meaning. Promotion of safety is of key importance throughout
infancy.
Breastfeeding is the natural and preferred method for infant feeding.
Breastfed and bottle-fed infants should both be fed on cue rather than on a
parent-designed schedule.
Solid foods should be introduced at age 4 to 6 months. A spoon should be
used to feed the infant, and rice cereal should be the first food. New foods
should be introduced no more frequently than every 3 to 5 days.
The cup may be introduced at 6 months of age. No-spill sippy cups are
generally not recommended.
Spitting up and colic are parts of normal development in the otherwise thriving
infant and do not require medical intervention.
Chapter 26 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Toddlers
The toddler’s organ systems are continuing to mature, and growth slows
during this period as compared with infancy.
The psychosocial task of the toddler years is to attain a sense of autonomy and
to experience separation and individuation.
Cognitive development in toddlerhood progresses from sensorimotor in
nature to preoperational.
The toddler refines gross motor skills after learning to walk and builds fine
motor skills through the use of utensils and various manipulative toys.
The toddler progresses from limited expressive language capabilities to a
vocabulary of 900 words by age 3 years.
Toddlers use all of their senses to explore and learn about their
environment. Visual acuity progresses to at least 20/50 in the
toddler period.
Negativism abounds in toddlers as they attempt to exert their independence.
Very ritualistic, toddlers feel safer and more secure when clear limits are
enforced, and a structured routine is followed.
The toddler is starting to learn right from wrong and bases actions on punishment
avoidance.
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Toddler development may be promoted through active gross motor play,
books, music, and block building.
Safety is a primary concern in the toddler years as the child is more mobile,
very curious, and experimenting with autonomy.
Poisoning in the toddler period may be prevented through proper storage of
medications and
other potentially poisonous substances and appropriate
supervision. Consistent bedtime rituals help ease the
toddler’s transition to sleep.
All primary teeth are erupted by 30 months of age and may be kept healthy
with appropriate tooth brushing and fluoride supplementation.
The toddler may experience a decrease in appetite as growth slows, yet he or
she still needs appropriate nutritional intake for continued development.
Toilet teaching can be achieved after myelination of the spinal cord is
complete, usually around 2 years of age.
Thumb sucking, pacifier use, security items, and temper tantrums are expected
issues in the toddler years.
Toddler discipline should focus on clear limits and consistency. It should
not involve spanking. It should be balanced with a caring and nurturing
environment along with frequent praise for appropriate behavior.
Parental role modeling of appropriate behavior, especially related to dealing
with frustration, is beneficial to toddlers.
Parents play an important role in toddler development, not only by
providing a loving environment but also by role modeling appropriate behavior
in most areas of daily life.
Chapter 27 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Preschoolers
The preschool child grows at a slower rate and takes on a more slender
and upright appearance than the toddler.
The primary psychosocial task of the preschool period is developing a sense of
initiative.
Cognitive development moves from an egocentric approach to the world
toward a more empathetic understanding of what happens outside of the self.
The preschooler gains additional motor skills and displays significant
refinement of fine motor abilities.
Cognitive and language skills that develop in the preschool years help prepare
the child for success in school.
Dysfluency or hesitancy in speech is a normal finding in the preschool period
and occurs as a result of the fast pace with which the preschooler is
gaining language skills and vocabulary.
The vocabulary of a preschooler increases to about 2100 words, and the child
speaks in full sentences with appropriate use of tense and prepositions.
Appropriate growth and development should be maintained in the ill or hospitalized
child.
Recognizing concerns or delays in growth and development is essential
so that the appropriate referrals may be made, and intervention can begin.
The preschool child requires a well-balanced diet with fat content between
20% and 30% of calories consumed.
Adequate physical activity and provision of a nutrient-dense diet (rather than
EXAM 1:
Chapter 25 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Infants
Infancy encompasses the period from birth to age 12 months.
The infant exhibits tremendous growth, doubling the birth weight by 6
months of age and tripling it by 12 months of age.
Most organ systems are immature at birth and develop and mature over the first year
of life.
Child development is orderly, sequential, and predictable, progressing in a
cephalocaudal and proximodistal fashion.
The infant is mastering the psychosocial task of Trust versus Mistrust.
Cognitive development in infancy is sensorimotor; infants use their senses
and progressing motor skills to master their environment.
The 12-month-old babbles expressively and uses two or three words
with meaning. Promotion of safety is of key importance throughout
infancy.
Breastfeeding is the natural and preferred method for infant feeding.
Breastfed and bottle-fed infants should both be fed on cue rather than on a
parent-designed schedule.
Solid foods should be introduced at age 4 to 6 months. A spoon should be
used to feed the infant, and rice cereal should be the first food. New foods
should be introduced no more frequently than every 3 to 5 days.
The cup may be introduced at 6 months of age. No-spill sippy cups are
generally not recommended.
Spitting up and colic are parts of normal development in the otherwise thriving
infant and do not require medical intervention.
Chapter 26 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Toddlers
The toddler’s organ systems are continuing to mature, and growth slows
during this period as compared with infancy.
The psychosocial task of the toddler years is to attain a sense of autonomy and
to experience separation and individuation.
Cognitive development in toddlerhood progresses from sensorimotor in
nature to preoperational.
The toddler refines gross motor skills after learning to walk and builds fine
motor skills through the use of utensils and various manipulative toys.
The toddler progresses from limited expressive language capabilities to a
vocabulary of 900 words by age 3 years.
Toddlers use all of their senses to explore and learn about their
environment. Visual acuity progresses to at least 20/50 in the
toddler period.
Negativism abounds in toddlers as they attempt to exert their independence.
Very ritualistic, toddlers feel safer and more secure when clear limits are
enforced, and a structured routine is followed.
The toddler is starting to learn right from wrong and bases actions on punishment
avoidance.
, 2
Downloaded by ANTONY KIMANI ()
, 3
Toddler development may be promoted through active gross motor play,
books, music, and block building.
Safety is a primary concern in the toddler years as the child is more mobile,
very curious, and experimenting with autonomy.
Poisoning in the toddler period may be prevented through proper storage of
medications and
other potentially poisonous substances and appropriate
supervision. Consistent bedtime rituals help ease the
toddler’s transition to sleep.
All primary teeth are erupted by 30 months of age and may be kept healthy
with appropriate tooth brushing and fluoride supplementation.
The toddler may experience a decrease in appetite as growth slows, yet he or
she still needs appropriate nutritional intake for continued development.
Toilet teaching can be achieved after myelination of the spinal cord is
complete, usually around 2 years of age.
Thumb sucking, pacifier use, security items, and temper tantrums are expected
issues in the toddler years.
Toddler discipline should focus on clear limits and consistency. It should
not involve spanking. It should be balanced with a caring and nurturing
environment along with frequent praise for appropriate behavior.
Parental role modeling of appropriate behavior, especially related to dealing
with frustration, is beneficial to toddlers.
Parents play an important role in toddler development, not only by
providing a loving environment but also by role modeling appropriate behavior
in most areas of daily life.
Chapter 27 KEY CONCEPTS- G&D Preschoolers
The preschool child grows at a slower rate and takes on a more slender
and upright appearance than the toddler.
The primary psychosocial task of the preschool period is developing a sense of
initiative.
Cognitive development moves from an egocentric approach to the world
toward a more empathetic understanding of what happens outside of the self.
The preschooler gains additional motor skills and displays significant
refinement of fine motor abilities.
Cognitive and language skills that develop in the preschool years help prepare
the child for success in school.
Dysfluency or hesitancy in speech is a normal finding in the preschool period
and occurs as a result of the fast pace with which the preschooler is
gaining language skills and vocabulary.
The vocabulary of a preschooler increases to about 2100 words, and the child
speaks in full sentences with appropriate use of tense and prepositions.
Appropriate growth and development should be maintained in the ill or hospitalized
child.
Recognizing concerns or delays in growth and development is essential
so that the appropriate referrals may be made, and intervention can begin.
The preschool child requires a well-balanced diet with fat content between
20% and 30% of calories consumed.
Adequate physical activity and provision of a nutrient-dense diet (rather than
