2
PA (ASCP) Certification Exam with verified detailed answers
|| || || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔Increased cell and organ size, often in response to increased workload:
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
induced by mechanical stress and by growth factors; occurs in tissue incapable of cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
division
Hyperplasia - ✔✔Increased cell numbers in response to hormones and other growth
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide
|| || || || || || || || ||
Atrophy - ✔✔Decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
disuse: associated with decreased synthesis and increased proteolytic breakdown of cellular
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
organelles
Metaplasia - ✔✔Change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often a response to chronic
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
|| || || || || || || || ||
Hypoxia - ✔✔Oxygen deficiency which interferes with aerobic oxidative respirations and is
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Ischemic - ✔✔Loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
venous drainage ||
Coagulative necrosis - ✔✔A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔A form of necrosis seen in focal bacterial or occasionally fungal
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue
|| || || || ||
,2
Caseous necrosis - ✔✔A form of necrosis encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
infections
Fat necrosis - ✔✔Term referring to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal cavity
|| || || || || || || ||
Fibrinous necrosis - ✔✔A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
involving blood vessels || ||
Autophagy - ✔✔Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
|| || || || || || || ||
Apoptosis - ✔✔A pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
program in which the cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own nuclear DNA
|| ||
Steatosis (fatty change) - ✔✔Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
parenchymal cells It is most often seen in the liver || || || || || || || || ||
Dystrophic calcification - ✔✔Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Metastatic calcification - ✔✔Deposition of calcium in normal tissues, caused by
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hypercalcemia (usually a consequence of parathyroid hormone excess) || || || || || || ||
Inflammation - ✔✔A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Acute inflammation - ✔✔A rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
substance that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
Serous inflammation - ✔✔Fluid in a serous cavity
|| || || || || || ||
Serous inflammation is marked by fluid transudates, reflecting moderately increased
|| || || || || || || || || ||
vascular permeability. Such accumulations in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial
|| || || || || || || || || ||
cavities are called effusions;
|| || ||
Effusion - ✔✔Fluid in a serous cavity ,|| || || || || || ||
Fibrinous inflammation - ✔✔Inflammation occurring as a consequence of more severe
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
injuries, resulting in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier || || || || ||
Abscess - ✔✔Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding of pyogenic organisms
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
|| || || || || || || || ||
Ulcer - ✔✔A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
|| || || || || || || || ||
Cytokines - ✔✔Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as mediators of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
inflammation and immune responses || || ||
Chronic inflammation - ✔✔Prolonged inflammation in which active inflammation, tissue
|| || || || || || || || || ||
injury, and healing proceed simultaneously
|| || || ||
Granulomatous inflammation - ✔✔A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation || || || || || || || || ||
characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an epithelioid
|| || || || || || || || || ||
appearance
, 2
Repair - ✔✔The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Regeneration - ✔✔The process of replacing damaged tissue components and essentially
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
returning to a normal state || || || ||
Fibrosis - ✔✔The extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs, liver, kidney and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation
|| || || || || || || ||
Angiogenesis - ✔✔A critical process in healing at sites of ischemia where a preexisting
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
vessel sends out capillary sprouts to produce new vessels
|| || || || || || || ||
Keloid - ✔✔A prominent raised scar caused by the accumulation of exuberant amounts of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
collagen
Edema - ✔✔Significant increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
|| || || || || || || || ||
Anasarca - ✔✔Severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Hyperemia - ✔✔A local increase in blood volume that is an active process from augmented
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blood flow due to arteriolar dilation
|| || || || ||
Congestion - ✔✔A local increase in blood volume that is a passive process resulting from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
impaired venous return out of a tissue
|| || || || || ||
Hematoma - ✔✔The accumulation of blood confined within a tissue after a hemorrhage
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
PA (ASCP) Certification Exam with verified detailed answers
|| || || || || || ||
Hypertrophy - ✔✔Increased cell and organ size, often in response to increased workload:
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
induced by mechanical stress and by growth factors; occurs in tissue incapable of cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
division
Hyperplasia - ✔✔Increased cell numbers in response to hormones and other growth
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide
|| || || || || || || || ||
Atrophy - ✔✔Decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
disuse: associated with decreased synthesis and increased proteolytic breakdown of cellular
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
organelles
Metaplasia - ✔✔Change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often a response to chronic
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
|| || || || || || || || ||
Hypoxia - ✔✔Oxygen deficiency which interferes with aerobic oxidative respirations and is
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Ischemic - ✔✔Loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
venous drainage ||
Coagulative necrosis - ✔✔A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔A form of necrosis seen in focal bacterial or occasionally fungal
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue
|| || || || ||
,2
Caseous necrosis - ✔✔A form of necrosis encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
infections
Fat necrosis - ✔✔Term referring to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal cavity
|| || || || || || || ||
Fibrinous necrosis - ✔✔A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
involving blood vessels || ||
Autophagy - ✔✔Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
|| || || || || || || ||
Apoptosis - ✔✔A pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
program in which the cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
own nuclear DNA
|| ||
Steatosis (fatty change) - ✔✔Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
parenchymal cells It is most often seen in the liver || || || || || || || || ||
Dystrophic calcification - ✔✔Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Metastatic calcification - ✔✔Deposition of calcium in normal tissues, caused by
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hypercalcemia (usually a consequence of parathyroid hormone excess) || || || || || || ||
Inflammation - ✔✔A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Acute inflammation - ✔✔A rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
substance that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
Serous inflammation - ✔✔Fluid in a serous cavity
|| || || || || || ||
Serous inflammation is marked by fluid transudates, reflecting moderately increased
|| || || || || || || || || ||
vascular permeability. Such accumulations in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial
|| || || || || || || || || ||
cavities are called effusions;
|| || ||
Effusion - ✔✔Fluid in a serous cavity ,|| || || || || || ||
Fibrinous inflammation - ✔✔Inflammation occurring as a consequence of more severe
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
injuries, resulting in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier || || || || ||
Abscess - ✔✔Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding of pyogenic organisms
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
|| || || || || || || || ||
Ulcer - ✔✔A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
|| || || || || || || || ||
Cytokines - ✔✔Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as mediators of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
inflammation and immune responses || || ||
Chronic inflammation - ✔✔Prolonged inflammation in which active inflammation, tissue
|| || || || || || || || || ||
injury, and healing proceed simultaneously
|| || || ||
Granulomatous inflammation - ✔✔A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation || || || || || || || || ||
characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an epithelioid
|| || || || || || || || || ||
appearance
, 2
Repair - ✔✔The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Regeneration - ✔✔The process of replacing damaged tissue components and essentially
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
returning to a normal state || || || ||
Fibrosis - ✔✔The extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs, liver, kidney and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation
|| || || || || || || ||
Angiogenesis - ✔✔A critical process in healing at sites of ischemia where a preexisting
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
vessel sends out capillary sprouts to produce new vessels
|| || || || || || || ||
Keloid - ✔✔A prominent raised scar caused by the accumulation of exuberant amounts of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
collagen
Edema - ✔✔Significant increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
|| || || || || || || || ||
Anasarca - ✔✔Severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Hyperemia - ✔✔A local increase in blood volume that is an active process from augmented
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
blood flow due to arteriolar dilation
|| || || || ||
Congestion - ✔✔A local increase in blood volume that is a passive process resulting from
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
impaired venous return out of a tissue
|| || || || || ||
Hematoma - ✔✔The accumulation of blood confined within a tissue after a hemorrhage
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
