NURS 6501N Exam 1 V2 | NURS 6501N
Advanced Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A
with Rationale (NURS6501N Exam 1) |
Walden University
1. A 55-year-old male with chronic hypertension exhibits a thickened left ventricular wall on
an echocardiogram. This finding represents which cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical
stimuli or increased workload. In the case of systemic hypertension, the heart must work
harder to pump blood against increased peripheral resistance, causing the cardiac
myocytes to enlarge. This is a common adaptive response seen in patients with chronic
high blood pressure.
2. A patient’s biopsy reveals that columnar bronchial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. How should the nurse practitioner document this finding?
A. Dysplasia
,B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
mature cell type, often as a protective response to chronic irritation. In smokers, the
ciliated columnar epithelium of the airway is often replaced by stratified squamous cells to
withstand the irritation of smoke. While the new cells are tougher, the loss of cilia impairs
the clearance of mucus and debris.
3. During a pathology lecture, a student asks about the primary mechanism of cellular injury
caused by hypoxia. Which is the best response?
A. Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
B. Activation of the complement system
C. Release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm
D. Accumulation of intracellular lipids
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation, which results in the
failure of oxidative phosphorylation and a depletion of ATP. Without sufficient ATP, the
, sodium-potassium pump fails, causing sodium and water to enter the cell while potassium
exits. This leads to cellular swelling, which is one of the earliest signs of hypoxic cell injury.
4. A patient has suffered a myocardial infarction. Which type of necrosis is most likely to be
found in the affected heart tissue?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs as a result of protein denaturation in
response to severe ischemia or hypoxia. This pattern is characteristic of infarcts in most
solid organs, excluding the brain. The architectural outlines of the dead tissue are
preserved for several days before being cleared by phagocytes.
5. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by a 45, X karyotype and clinical features
including short stature and webbed neck?
A. Down syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
Advanced Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A
with Rationale (NURS6501N Exam 1) |
Walden University
1. A 55-year-old male with chronic hypertension exhibits a thickened left ventricular wall on
an echocardiogram. This finding represents which cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical
stimuli or increased workload. In the case of systemic hypertension, the heart must work
harder to pump blood against increased peripheral resistance, causing the cardiac
myocytes to enlarge. This is a common adaptive response seen in patients with chronic
high blood pressure.
2. A patient’s biopsy reveals that columnar bronchial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. How should the nurse practitioner document this finding?
A. Dysplasia
,B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
mature cell type, often as a protective response to chronic irritation. In smokers, the
ciliated columnar epithelium of the airway is often replaced by stratified squamous cells to
withstand the irritation of smoke. While the new cells are tougher, the loss of cilia impairs
the clearance of mucus and debris.
3. During a pathology lecture, a student asks about the primary mechanism of cellular injury
caused by hypoxia. Which is the best response?
A. Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
B. Activation of the complement system
C. Release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm
D. Accumulation of intracellular lipids
Answer: A
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to a decrease in mitochondrial oxygenation, which results in the
failure of oxidative phosphorylation and a depletion of ATP. Without sufficient ATP, the
, sodium-potassium pump fails, causing sodium and water to enter the cell while potassium
exits. This leads to cellular swelling, which is one of the earliest signs of hypoxic cell injury.
4. A patient has suffered a myocardial infarction. Which type of necrosis is most likely to be
found in the affected heart tissue?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis typically occurs as a result of protein denaturation in
response to severe ischemia or hypoxia. This pattern is characteristic of infarcts in most
solid organs, excluding the brain. The architectural outlines of the dead tissue are
preserved for several days before being cleared by phagocytes.
5. Which chromosomal abnormality is characterized by a 45, X karyotype and clinical features
including short stature and webbed neck?
A. Down syndrome
B. Klinefelter syndrome
C. Turner syndrome
D. Edwards syndrome
