BIO 123 CORE MAIN SET 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔CFTR Protein - ✔✔A chloride ion channel found in the plasma membrane.
✔✔Delta F508 Mutation - ✔✔A deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 in CFTR.
✔✔Mutation Nomenclature - ✔✔A system for naming genetic mutations.
✔✔DNA Example: 3907G>A - ✔✔At nucleotide position 3907, G is replaced by A.
✔✔Protein Example: N504K - ✔✔At amino acid position 504, asparagine is replaced by
lysine.
✔✔Cytoplasm - ✔✔The fluid-filled region inside the cell but outside the nucleus.
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of protein fibers that gives structure and helps
movement.
✔✔Microvilli - ✔✔Small membrane folds that increase surface area.
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Long structures used for cell movement.
, ✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Short hair-like structures used for movement or moving fluid.
✔✔Nuclear Envelope - ✔✔Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
✔✔Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Membrane system with ribosomes; helps
produce and fold proteins.
✔✔Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Membrane system involved in lipid synthesis
and detoxification.
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids.
✔✔Transport Vesicle - ✔✔A membrane sac that moves materials within the cell.
✔✔Secretory Vesicle - ✔✔A vesicle that releases materials outside the cell.
✔✔Lysosome - ✔✔Organelle containing digestive enzymes.
✔✔Mitochondrion - ✔✔Organelle that breaks down glucose to make ATP.
✔✔ATP - ✔✔Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of cells.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔Plant organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
✔✔Peroxisome - ✔✔Organelle involved in detoxification and fatty acid breakdown.
✔✔Selective Permeability - ✔✔The ability of a membrane to allow some substances
through but not others.
✔✔Concentration Gradient - ✔✔A difference in concentration across space or across a
membrane.
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
✔✔Simple Diffusion - ✔✔Diffusion directly through the phospholipid bilayer.
✔✔Facilitated Diffusion - ✔✔Diffusion through a membrane protein.
✔✔Passive Transport - ✔✔Movement across a membrane without energy input.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔CFTR Protein - ✔✔A chloride ion channel found in the plasma membrane.
✔✔Delta F508 Mutation - ✔✔A deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 in CFTR.
✔✔Mutation Nomenclature - ✔✔A system for naming genetic mutations.
✔✔DNA Example: 3907G>A - ✔✔At nucleotide position 3907, G is replaced by A.
✔✔Protein Example: N504K - ✔✔At amino acid position 504, asparagine is replaced by
lysine.
✔✔Cytoplasm - ✔✔The fluid-filled region inside the cell but outside the nucleus.
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of protein fibers that gives structure and helps
movement.
✔✔Microvilli - ✔✔Small membrane folds that increase surface area.
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Long structures used for cell movement.
, ✔✔Cilia - ✔✔Short hair-like structures used for movement or moving fluid.
✔✔Nuclear Envelope - ✔✔Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
✔✔Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Membrane system with ribosomes; helps
produce and fold proteins.
✔✔Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔Membrane system involved in lipid synthesis
and detoxification.
✔✔Golgi Apparatus - ✔✔Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids.
✔✔Transport Vesicle - ✔✔A membrane sac that moves materials within the cell.
✔✔Secretory Vesicle - ✔✔A vesicle that releases materials outside the cell.
✔✔Lysosome - ✔✔Organelle containing digestive enzymes.
✔✔Mitochondrion - ✔✔Organelle that breaks down glucose to make ATP.
✔✔ATP - ✔✔Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of cells.
✔✔Chloroplast - ✔✔Plant organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
✔✔Peroxisome - ✔✔Organelle involved in detoxification and fatty acid breakdown.
✔✔Selective Permeability - ✔✔The ability of a membrane to allow some substances
through but not others.
✔✔Concentration Gradient - ✔✔A difference in concentration across space or across a
membrane.
✔✔Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
✔✔Simple Diffusion - ✔✔Diffusion directly through the phospholipid bilayer.
✔✔Facilitated Diffusion - ✔✔Diffusion through a membrane protein.
✔✔Passive Transport - ✔✔Movement across a membrane without energy input.
