NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAMS ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE
A+
✔✔Describe the clinical manifestations of combined deficiencies - ✔✔Clinical
manifestations include bleeding secondary to thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts),
eczema, and recurrent infections (e.g., otitis media, pneumonia, herpes simplex,
cytomegalovirus).
✔✔Identify the major manifestations of sepsis and bacteremia. - ✔✔Major
manifestations of bacteremia (occurs when bacteria are present in the blood) & sepsis
(occurs when bacteria are growing in the blood and release large amounts of toxins):
- fever, activate platelets, and promote intravascular coagulation or increase capillary
permeability sufficient to permit escape of large volumes of plasma into surrounding
tissue contributing to hypotension and, in severe cases, cause septic shock and or
multiple organ failure with increased risk for mortality
✔✔Identify the major functions of the midbrain, spinal cord, forebrain, and hindbrain -
✔✔Major functions of:
, - Midbrain: a relay center for motor and sensory tracts, as well as a center for auditory
and visual reflexes.
- Spinal cord: connection of the brain and the body through a long nerve cable, somatic
and autonomic reflexes, motor pattern control, and sensory and motor modulation.
- Forebrain: Telencephalon (the two cerebral hemispheres) and allows conscious
perception of internal and external stimuli, thought and memory processes, and
voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Diencephalon (the deep portion of the forebrain)
and processes incoming sensory data.
- Hindbrain: allows sampling and comparison of sensory data, which are received from
the periphery and motor impulses of the cerebral hemispheres, for the purpose of
coordination and refinement of skeletal muscle movement.
✔✔Identify the major clinical manifestations of disorders of temperature regulation -
✔✔- Hyperthermia: Can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death.
At 41° C (105.8° F), nerve damage produces convulsions in the adult. Death results at
43° C (109.4° F).
- Hypothermia: Core body temperature less than 35° C 95° F. Produces depression of
the CNS and respiratory system, vasoconstriction, alterations in microcirculation and
coagulation, and ischemic tissue damage.
- Major body trauma: Damage to the CNS, inflammation, increased intracranial
pressure, or intracranial bleeding typically produces a body temperature of greater than
39° C (102.2° F). This sustained noninfectious fever, often referred to as a central fever,
appears with or without bradycardia. A central fever does not induce sweating and is
very resistant to antipyretic therapy.
✔✔Define the terms related to olfactory and taste dysfunction: hyposmia, anosmia,
parosmia, hypogeusia, ageusia, dysgeusia, and olfactory hallucinations. - ✔✔-
Hyposmia: impaired sense of smell
- Anosmia: complete loss of sense of smell
- Parosmia: abnormal or perverted sense of smell
- Olfactory hallucinations: smelling odors that are not really present
- Hypogeusia: decrease in taste sensation
- Ageusia: absence of the sense of taste
- Dysgeusia: perversion of taste in which substances possess an unpleasant flavor (i.e.,
metallic)
EXAMS ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE
A+
✔✔Describe the clinical manifestations of combined deficiencies - ✔✔Clinical
manifestations include bleeding secondary to thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts),
eczema, and recurrent infections (e.g., otitis media, pneumonia, herpes simplex,
cytomegalovirus).
✔✔Identify the major manifestations of sepsis and bacteremia. - ✔✔Major
manifestations of bacteremia (occurs when bacteria are present in the blood) & sepsis
(occurs when bacteria are growing in the blood and release large amounts of toxins):
- fever, activate platelets, and promote intravascular coagulation or increase capillary
permeability sufficient to permit escape of large volumes of plasma into surrounding
tissue contributing to hypotension and, in severe cases, cause septic shock and or
multiple organ failure with increased risk for mortality
✔✔Identify the major functions of the midbrain, spinal cord, forebrain, and hindbrain -
✔✔Major functions of:
, - Midbrain: a relay center for motor and sensory tracts, as well as a center for auditory
and visual reflexes.
- Spinal cord: connection of the brain and the body through a long nerve cable, somatic
and autonomic reflexes, motor pattern control, and sensory and motor modulation.
- Forebrain: Telencephalon (the two cerebral hemispheres) and allows conscious
perception of internal and external stimuli, thought and memory processes, and
voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Diencephalon (the deep portion of the forebrain)
and processes incoming sensory data.
- Hindbrain: allows sampling and comparison of sensory data, which are received from
the periphery and motor impulses of the cerebral hemispheres, for the purpose of
coordination and refinement of skeletal muscle movement.
✔✔Identify the major clinical manifestations of disorders of temperature regulation -
✔✔- Hyperthermia: Can produce nerve damage, coagulation of cell proteins, and death.
At 41° C (105.8° F), nerve damage produces convulsions in the adult. Death results at
43° C (109.4° F).
- Hypothermia: Core body temperature less than 35° C 95° F. Produces depression of
the CNS and respiratory system, vasoconstriction, alterations in microcirculation and
coagulation, and ischemic tissue damage.
- Major body trauma: Damage to the CNS, inflammation, increased intracranial
pressure, or intracranial bleeding typically produces a body temperature of greater than
39° C (102.2° F). This sustained noninfectious fever, often referred to as a central fever,
appears with or without bradycardia. A central fever does not induce sweating and is
very resistant to antipyretic therapy.
✔✔Define the terms related to olfactory and taste dysfunction: hyposmia, anosmia,
parosmia, hypogeusia, ageusia, dysgeusia, and olfactory hallucinations. - ✔✔-
Hyposmia: impaired sense of smell
- Anosmia: complete loss of sense of smell
- Parosmia: abnormal or perverted sense of smell
- Olfactory hallucinations: smelling odors that are not really present
- Hypogeusia: decrease in taste sensation
- Ageusia: absence of the sense of taste
- Dysgeusia: perversion of taste in which substances possess an unpleasant flavor (i.e.,
metallic)
