BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM 2026
WITH QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED
A+
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answer-carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answer-the conversion of metabolically produced C)2
and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answer-in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - answer-continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and
lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - answer-The process of leukocytes squeezing through the
capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - answer-genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found
on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - answer-volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - answer-stroke volume is decreased
,Three cations with important effect on heart function - answer-K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - answer-blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of
contraction
Excess in K+ - answer-blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - answer-serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air
flow inferiorly
larynx - answer-passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - answer-resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - answer-opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - answer-carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - answer-carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - answer-surround the lungs
surfactant - answer-reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - answer-actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - answer-normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - answer-shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
,compliance - answer-amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about
3600 mL in males
vital capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve
volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - answer-residual volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - answer-states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - answer-when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - answer-each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - answer-sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - answer-includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - answer-a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed
elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - answer-blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - answer-proteins, water, other solutes
, Blood plasma proteins - answer-albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements - answer-red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - answer-hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after
birth
Reticulocyte - answer-from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer-120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answer-equals the rate of RBC destruction by
macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - answer-the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood
vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answer-lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - answer-are usually the first and most numerous responders to an
infection
Macrophages - answer-react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answer-mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - answer-platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
WITH QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED
A+
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - answer-carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - answer-the conversion of metabolically produced C)2
and water into carbonic acid
fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-remove most old erythrocytes from circulation
Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - answer-narrow capillaries of the spleen
Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - answer-in the bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells - answer-continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and
lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood cells
emigration or diapedesis - answer-The process of leukocytes squeezing through the
capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature
agglutinins - answer-genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found
on the surface of an erythrocyte
ESV - answer-volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed
Increase in ESV when - answer-stroke volume is decreased
,Three cations with important effect on heart function - answer-K+, Ca2+, and Na+
Increased blood levels of NA+ - answer-blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of
contraction
Excess in K+ - answer-blocks generation of action potentials
pharynx - answer-serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air
flow inferiorly
larynx - answer-passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production
paranasal sinuses - answer-resonates sound, not part of the pharynx
fauces - answer-opening from oral cavity into pharynx
tertiary bronchus - answer-carries air to a segment of a lung
terminal bronchiole - answer-carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole
pleural membranes - answer-surround the lungs
surfactant - answer-reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange
alveoli - answer-actual sites of gas exchange
eupnea - answer-normal, quiet breathing
costal breathing - answer-shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles
,compliance - answer-amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall
inspiratory capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about
3600 mL in males
vital capacity - answer-tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve
volume; usually about 4800 mL in males
functional residual capacity - answer-residual volume + expiratory reserve volume;
usually about 2400 mL in males
Henry's law - answer-states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility
Bohr effect - answer-when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases
Dalton's law - answer-each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure
medulla oblongata - answer-sets basic rhythm of breathing
pons - answer-includes the pontine respiratory group
Blood is - answer-a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed
elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets)
Whole blood - answer-blood plasma and formed elements
Blood plasma - answer-proteins, water, other solutes
, Blood plasma proteins - answer-albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)
Formed elements - answer-red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
Blood cell production - answer-hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after
birth
Reticulocyte - answer-from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus
Average lifespan of an erythrocyte - answer-120 days
Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells - answer-equals the rate of RBC destruction by
macrophages
Emigration or diapedesis is - answer-the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood
vessels
WBCs use to destroy pathogens - answer-lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions
Neutrophils - answer-are usually the first and most numerous responders to an
infection
Macrophages - answer-react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do
Pluripotent stem cells are derived from - answer-mesenchyme
Megakaryoblasts - answer-platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes
