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What are some ethical dilemmas in research? - Answer: 1.
whether to disclose or not disclose, whether disclosure might
decrease validity of the data
2. how equitably distributed the burdens and benefits
,3. how to study sensitive topics without causing undue stress or
emotional trauma
4. how to handle subjects' disclosures if they report something
that leads the researcher to believe that someone is in danger
Research misconduct - Answer: 1. Fabrication (making up
findings)
2. Falsification
3. Plagiarism
4. Coercion (putting undue pressure on potential subjects to
participate)
5. Deception (not fulling disclosing the nature of the research
when there was no scientific reason no to disclose)
Nursing Knowledge Structure - Answer: Knowledge structures are
based on concepts and propositions; metaparadigm (most
abstract), conceptual models, theories, empirical indicators (most
concrete)
Metaparadigm - Answer: most abstract level of nursing
knowledge; descriptions of the major concepts of discipline
(client, environment, health, nursing)
, Conceptual Model - Answer: less abstract than meta-paradigm,
an assemble of concepts pertinent to a common theme; some
map out relationships among concepts
Theory - Answer: More concrete descriptions of phenomena
(consists of concepts and propositions); testable with research
Classical theory - Answer: an abstract generalization that explains
how phenomena are interrelated
Descriptive theory - Answer: thoroughly describe a phenomenon
Levels of generality of theory - Answer: Grand (most abstract)
Middle range (middle degree of abstraction)
Situation specific (most concrete)
empirical indicators - Answer: most concrete level of knowledge;
observable measures of concepts and/or propositions
Nursing research - Answer: systematic inquiry designed to
develop trustworthy evidence about issues of importance of
nurses and their clients