Advanced Pathophysiology Exam #1 || NEWEST
ACTUAL FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS||(Verified Answers) Already
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Plasma Membrane
Define the cell's boundaries; surround the cell or enclose an intracellular
organelle. Exceedingly important to normal physiologic function
because they control the space, or compartment, they enclose. Can
allow or exclude various molecules, and because of selective transport
systems, they can move molecules in or out of the space. By controlling
movement from one compartment to the other, membranes exert a
powerful influence on metabolic pathways. Directional transport is
facilitated by polarized domains, distinct apical and basolateral domains.
Important role in cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility, and the
maintenance of cellular shape.
Cytoplasm
Is an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix- the
space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.
Represents approximately half the volume of a eukaryotic cell. Contains
thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism and is
crowded with ribosomes making proteins. The cytosol is a storage unit
for fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles
,Intracellular Organelles
Organelles suspended in the cytoplasm are enclosed in biologic
membranes so they can simultaneously carry out functions requiring
different biochemical environments. Many functions are directed by
coded messages carried from the nucleus by RNA. Functions of
organelles can be divided into four main categories: Genetic control;
manufacturing, distributing, and breaking down molecules; energy
processing; structural support, movement, and communication between
cells.
Nucleus
Cell division and control of genetic information. Located in the center of
the cell, is the largest membrane bound organelle.
Nucleus Structures
Nuclear envelope(Is pocketed with pits, called nuclear pores, which
allow chemical messages to exit and enter the nucleus); Nuclear pore
complexes; Nucleolus (small dense structure composed of DNA, RNA,
and ribosomal proteins); RNA; DNA; Histone proteins
Cytoplasm
Fills the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.
Functions- synthesis and transport, isolates and eliminates wastes;
metabolic processes; maintenance of cellular motility; storage.
Cytoplasm Structures- Cytoplasmic matrix; cytosol; cytoplasmic
organelles
,Ribosomes
Synthesize proteins. Structure- RNA protein complexes; free vs attached
ribosomes. Are synthesized in the mitochondria and secreted into the
cytosol.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis; senses cellular stress. Structure- Network of
tubular or saclike channels; smooth vs rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex
"Refining plant" that directs traffic; processes, secretes, and releases
substances, especially proteins from cells. Structure- Flattened, smooth
membranes; secretory vesicles and cisternae; proteins from the
endoplasmic reticulum that are packaged in the golgi complex; Clathrin-
coated vesicles.
, Lysosomes
Intracellular digestion system; role in autodigestion and autophagy.
Structure- saclike structures that originate from the golgi; primary vs
secondary lysosomes.
Peroxisomes
Detoxify compounds and fatty acids; use oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from substrates; synthesize specialized phospholipids for nerve
cell myelination. Structure- contain oxidative enzymes; are the major
sites of oxygen utilization.
Mitochondria
Is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production; participates
in oxidative phosphorylation. Structure-Is surrounded by a double
membrane; increased inner membrane surface area is provided by
cristae
ACTUAL FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS||(Verified Answers) Already
Graded A+ | Guaranteed Success!!
Newest Exam | Just Released!!
Plasma Membrane
Define the cell's boundaries; surround the cell or enclose an intracellular
organelle. Exceedingly important to normal physiologic function
because they control the space, or compartment, they enclose. Can
allow or exclude various molecules, and because of selective transport
systems, they can move molecules in or out of the space. By controlling
movement from one compartment to the other, membranes exert a
powerful influence on metabolic pathways. Directional transport is
facilitated by polarized domains, distinct apical and basolateral domains.
Important role in cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility, and the
maintenance of cellular shape.
Cytoplasm
Is an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix- the
space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.
Represents approximately half the volume of a eukaryotic cell. Contains
thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism and is
crowded with ribosomes making proteins. The cytosol is a storage unit
for fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles
,Intracellular Organelles
Organelles suspended in the cytoplasm are enclosed in biologic
membranes so they can simultaneously carry out functions requiring
different biochemical environments. Many functions are directed by
coded messages carried from the nucleus by RNA. Functions of
organelles can be divided into four main categories: Genetic control;
manufacturing, distributing, and breaking down molecules; energy
processing; structural support, movement, and communication between
cells.
Nucleus
Cell division and control of genetic information. Located in the center of
the cell, is the largest membrane bound organelle.
Nucleus Structures
Nuclear envelope(Is pocketed with pits, called nuclear pores, which
allow chemical messages to exit and enter the nucleus); Nuclear pore
complexes; Nucleolus (small dense structure composed of DNA, RNA,
and ribosomal proteins); RNA; DNA; Histone proteins
Cytoplasm
Fills the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.
Functions- synthesis and transport, isolates and eliminates wastes;
metabolic processes; maintenance of cellular motility; storage.
Cytoplasm Structures- Cytoplasmic matrix; cytosol; cytoplasmic
organelles
,Ribosomes
Synthesize proteins. Structure- RNA protein complexes; free vs attached
ribosomes. Are synthesized in the mitochondria and secreted into the
cytosol.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis; senses cellular stress. Structure- Network of
tubular or saclike channels; smooth vs rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex
"Refining plant" that directs traffic; processes, secretes, and releases
substances, especially proteins from cells. Structure- Flattened, smooth
membranes; secretory vesicles and cisternae; proteins from the
endoplasmic reticulum that are packaged in the golgi complex; Clathrin-
coated vesicles.
, Lysosomes
Intracellular digestion system; role in autodigestion and autophagy.
Structure- saclike structures that originate from the golgi; primary vs
secondary lysosomes.
Peroxisomes
Detoxify compounds and fatty acids; use oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from substrates; synthesize specialized phospholipids for nerve
cell myelination. Structure- contain oxidative enzymes; are the major
sites of oxygen utilization.
Mitochondria
Is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production; participates
in oxidative phosphorylation. Structure-Is surrounded by a double
membrane; increased inner membrane surface area is provided by
cristae
