NEUR 200 EXAM II REVIEW QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is sensorimotor integration? (12A) - ANSWER the interaction of sensory
and motor systems
What do sensory receptors do? (12A) - ANSWER neurons that transduce
information from the external world
What is the first conversion that must occur in any sensory system? What does it
convert? (12A) - ANSWER Transduction - the transformation of external energy
or stimuli (light, sound, touch) into electrical impulses
What are the three different types of sensory receptors? What is their function?
(12A) - ANSWER 1. Interoceptors - group of receptors that monitoring our
internal state (bp, heart rate, hormones)
2. Propriocepters - monitoring the position and movement of our body parts at
any given time
3. Exteroceptors - vision, hearing, touch, small, taste
What are some examples of species who have advanced sensory systems
compared to us humans? (12A) - ANSWER 1. bumblebees can use tiny electrical
fields for navigation
2. cats and dogs have significantly better hearing capabilities
Remember, even though we are mostly unaware, the nervous system
distorts/transforms information so that our perception of the world is distorted
to emphasize certain aspects and deemphasize others - the nervous system fills
in gaps to create our reality - ANSWER
What is "fine touch"? (12A) - ANSWER ability to distinguish minute differences
between objects - we can tell the difference between a penny and a quarter with
our eyes closed
What is resolution? What does it mean when you have higher resolution? (12A) -
ANSWER ability to distinguish between two stimuli that are very similar - if you
have higher resolution means you have a better ability to distinguish between
stimuli
If I wanted to increase resolution in a certain area of the body, what should I do
to the receptive fields? (12A) - ANSWER decrease their size
,What are some parts of the body that have the smallest receptive fields? The
biggest? (12A) - ANSWER SMALLEST - mouth fingers
BIGGEST - thigh, lower back
Say you put your hand on a table, what is the path of that stimuli to your brain?
(12B) - ANSWER 1. Hand
2. Dorsal root
3. Axons go into white matter than up tot he brain without synapsing - first
synapse is at brainstem
4. At brainstem, the signal switches sides due to the contralaterality of the brain
5. Signal travels to thalamus
6. Thalamus relays information to cortex (post central gyrus)
7. Info is relayed to other areas of the parietal cortex for higher processing
Review these structures of the spine (12B) (1:04) - ANSWER
In the case of discriminative touch, what is the destination of the signal within
the cortex? (12B) - ANSWER Post central gyrus - first place in the cortex that is
processing this somatosensory information
After signals make their way to the post central gyrus, it is relayed to other
areas of the parietal cortex for higher processing. What does this demonstrate?
(12B) - ANSWER Hierarchial processing
What did John Huglings Jackson discover in the late 1800s within his patients
with tingling/seizures? (12B) - ANSWER He realized that different parts of the
brain are organized in a way to reflect organization of the body
What did Wilder Penfield pioneer? Explain it (12B) - ANSWER Brainmapping -
basic idea is that you expose the brain while the patient is awake and alert -
touch spots on the cortex with an electrical probe observe the physical effect on
the patient - a way to learn about the spatial organization of the brain
Review this interesting organization of neurons (12B) (14:50) - ANSWER
From brain mapping, we can produce a somatotopic map that is an exaggerated
representation of structures that have extremely high/low areas of sensory
input. What is it called? (12B) - ANSWER humongous
What does the humongous model tell us? (12B) - ANSWER It tells us that certain
areas on the body have more receptive fields than others therefore more cortex
is devoted for processing of that information
Might need to look over this comparison between humongous of different
species (19:20) - ANSWER
, Don't forget about the star nose mole! Super cool! - ANSWER
What structures beneath the skin detect pain? How do they detect pain? (13A)
(6:00) - ANSWER bare nerve endings - they detect chemical evidences of
damage - that is what simulates the activity of the bare nerve receptors
What is the pathway for pain signals? (13A) (7:20) - ANSWER 1. Bare nerve
endings
2. axons travel through dorsal route
3. they don't go through dorsal columns - the pain afferents immediately synapse
in the grey matter of the dorsal horn
4. then the second neuron of the pathway crosses to the other side then ascends
to the brain through anterior lateral tract
5. hits the thalamus
6. goes to somatosensory cortex
Why are pain signals so compelling? (13A) - ANSWER A usual touch stimulus
tells you that its a touch and where is is. Pain is special because it has a sensory
component AND an emotional component
Refresher question: What are the structures of the limbic system? (13A) -
ANSWER 1. Amydula
2. Hypothalamus
3. Insula
4. Orbital cortex
5. Anterior singulate gyrus
What structures of the limbic system are involved in the processing of pain?
(13A) (9:40) - ANSWER 1. Anterior singulate gyrus - review that group of people
who had no activity in anterior singulate after hypnosis
2. insula
Remember, the strength of pain is coded some place else, the anterior singulate
cortex takes care of making sure the pain is unpleasant so you don't reproduce
it - ANSWER
Where is the pain encoded? (13A) (15:04) - ANSWER Insula
Are the regions/structures the same between physical and psychological pain?
(13A) (18:44) - ANSWER NO look back at the video
What is parallel processing? (13A) - ANSWER Pathways that are carrying the
same information to different processing areas so that the same information is
being processed in two different ways simultaneously
CORRECT ANSWERS
What is sensorimotor integration? (12A) - ANSWER the interaction of sensory
and motor systems
What do sensory receptors do? (12A) - ANSWER neurons that transduce
information from the external world
What is the first conversion that must occur in any sensory system? What does it
convert? (12A) - ANSWER Transduction - the transformation of external energy
or stimuli (light, sound, touch) into electrical impulses
What are the three different types of sensory receptors? What is their function?
(12A) - ANSWER 1. Interoceptors - group of receptors that monitoring our
internal state (bp, heart rate, hormones)
2. Propriocepters - monitoring the position and movement of our body parts at
any given time
3. Exteroceptors - vision, hearing, touch, small, taste
What are some examples of species who have advanced sensory systems
compared to us humans? (12A) - ANSWER 1. bumblebees can use tiny electrical
fields for navigation
2. cats and dogs have significantly better hearing capabilities
Remember, even though we are mostly unaware, the nervous system
distorts/transforms information so that our perception of the world is distorted
to emphasize certain aspects and deemphasize others - the nervous system fills
in gaps to create our reality - ANSWER
What is "fine touch"? (12A) - ANSWER ability to distinguish minute differences
between objects - we can tell the difference between a penny and a quarter with
our eyes closed
What is resolution? What does it mean when you have higher resolution? (12A) -
ANSWER ability to distinguish between two stimuli that are very similar - if you
have higher resolution means you have a better ability to distinguish between
stimuli
If I wanted to increase resolution in a certain area of the body, what should I do
to the receptive fields? (12A) - ANSWER decrease their size
,What are some parts of the body that have the smallest receptive fields? The
biggest? (12A) - ANSWER SMALLEST - mouth fingers
BIGGEST - thigh, lower back
Say you put your hand on a table, what is the path of that stimuli to your brain?
(12B) - ANSWER 1. Hand
2. Dorsal root
3. Axons go into white matter than up tot he brain without synapsing - first
synapse is at brainstem
4. At brainstem, the signal switches sides due to the contralaterality of the brain
5. Signal travels to thalamus
6. Thalamus relays information to cortex (post central gyrus)
7. Info is relayed to other areas of the parietal cortex for higher processing
Review these structures of the spine (12B) (1:04) - ANSWER
In the case of discriminative touch, what is the destination of the signal within
the cortex? (12B) - ANSWER Post central gyrus - first place in the cortex that is
processing this somatosensory information
After signals make their way to the post central gyrus, it is relayed to other
areas of the parietal cortex for higher processing. What does this demonstrate?
(12B) - ANSWER Hierarchial processing
What did John Huglings Jackson discover in the late 1800s within his patients
with tingling/seizures? (12B) - ANSWER He realized that different parts of the
brain are organized in a way to reflect organization of the body
What did Wilder Penfield pioneer? Explain it (12B) - ANSWER Brainmapping -
basic idea is that you expose the brain while the patient is awake and alert -
touch spots on the cortex with an electrical probe observe the physical effect on
the patient - a way to learn about the spatial organization of the brain
Review this interesting organization of neurons (12B) (14:50) - ANSWER
From brain mapping, we can produce a somatotopic map that is an exaggerated
representation of structures that have extremely high/low areas of sensory
input. What is it called? (12B) - ANSWER humongous
What does the humongous model tell us? (12B) - ANSWER It tells us that certain
areas on the body have more receptive fields than others therefore more cortex
is devoted for processing of that information
Might need to look over this comparison between humongous of different
species (19:20) - ANSWER
, Don't forget about the star nose mole! Super cool! - ANSWER
What structures beneath the skin detect pain? How do they detect pain? (13A)
(6:00) - ANSWER bare nerve endings - they detect chemical evidences of
damage - that is what simulates the activity of the bare nerve receptors
What is the pathway for pain signals? (13A) (7:20) - ANSWER 1. Bare nerve
endings
2. axons travel through dorsal route
3. they don't go through dorsal columns - the pain afferents immediately synapse
in the grey matter of the dorsal horn
4. then the second neuron of the pathway crosses to the other side then ascends
to the brain through anterior lateral tract
5. hits the thalamus
6. goes to somatosensory cortex
Why are pain signals so compelling? (13A) - ANSWER A usual touch stimulus
tells you that its a touch and where is is. Pain is special because it has a sensory
component AND an emotional component
Refresher question: What are the structures of the limbic system? (13A) -
ANSWER 1. Amydula
2. Hypothalamus
3. Insula
4. Orbital cortex
5. Anterior singulate gyrus
What structures of the limbic system are involved in the processing of pain?
(13A) (9:40) - ANSWER 1. Anterior singulate gyrus - review that group of people
who had no activity in anterior singulate after hypnosis
2. insula
Remember, the strength of pain is coded some place else, the anterior singulate
cortex takes care of making sure the pain is unpleasant so you don't reproduce
it - ANSWER
Where is the pain encoded? (13A) (15:04) - ANSWER Insula
Are the regions/structures the same between physical and psychological pain?
(13A) (18:44) - ANSWER NO look back at the video
What is parallel processing? (13A) - ANSWER Pathways that are carrying the
same information to different processing areas so that the same information is
being processed in two different ways simultaneously
