BIO 311 FINAL EXAM REVIEW PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | BIOLOGY EXAM
PREP & STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
The major regulatory factor of pentose monophosphate (PPP) pathway is the cytosolic level of:
a) ATP
b) NADPH
c) NADH
d) ribose phosphate - ANS ✔✔b) NADPH
AMPK is generally considered to be a sensor of cellular energy levels because it is most sensitive
to the change of:
a). AMP levels
b). cAMP levels
c). ATP levels
d). ADP levels - ANS ✔✔a) AMP levels
About nitric oxide (NO), which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a). arginine is its precursor
b). it's a free radical
c). several isoenzymes (NO synthases) can catalyze its biosynthesis
d). after synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart function -
ANS ✔✔d). after synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart
function
On the surface of β-cells of pancreatic islet, the major type of glucose transporter is:
a) Glut 1
b) Glut 2
,c) Glut 3
d) Glut 4 - ANS ✔✔b) Glut 2
β-oxidation of fatty acids normally occurs in:
a) cytosol
b) nucleus
c) mitochondrion
d) Golgi complex - ANS ✔✔c) mitochondrion
In humans, the major form of nitrogen excretion is:
a) NH4+
b) urea
c) uric acid
d) creatine - ANS ✔✔b) urea
Regarding nucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogenous bases, which statement is INCORRECT:
a). a nucleoside contains a nitrogenous base and a ribose
b). a nucleotide contains a nucleoside, with a phosphate at 3' or 5' position of the ribose
c). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the riboses
d). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases - ANS
✔✔d). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases
About enzymes and cofactors, which of the following statement is CORRECT?
a). hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine requires tetrahydrofolate.
b). if a protein associates with an enzyme and modulates the enzyme activity, it is called a
coenzyme.
c). biosynthesis of tetrabiopterin needs a precursor called biotin.
, d). cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is not a vitamin
derivative. - ANS ✔✔d). cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is
not a vitamin derivative.
Transamination is an important process in both biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids and
transport of amino groups from extrahepatic tissues to hepatocytes for disposal. This process
requires the cofactor PLP, which is a derivative of vitamin:
a). B4
b). B5
c). B6
d). B7 - ANS ✔✔c) B6
Methylation is an important reaction which is involved in many biosynthetic processes, such as
nucleotide synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis. Which of the following molecule is least
related to methylation?
a). alanine
b). methionine
c). serine
d). tetrahydrofolate - ANS ✔✔a) alanine
For de novo purine synthesis, the rate limiting enzyme is glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase.
Which of the following molecule will NOT repress its activity?
a). AMP
b). CMP
c). GMP
d). IMP - ANS ✔✔b) CMP
When an enzyme-catalyzed reversible reaction reaches equilibrium with very little product:
PREP & STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
The major regulatory factor of pentose monophosphate (PPP) pathway is the cytosolic level of:
a) ATP
b) NADPH
c) NADH
d) ribose phosphate - ANS ✔✔b) NADPH
AMPK is generally considered to be a sensor of cellular energy levels because it is most sensitive
to the change of:
a). AMP levels
b). cAMP levels
c). ATP levels
d). ADP levels - ANS ✔✔a) AMP levels
About nitric oxide (NO), which of the following statements is NOT correct?
a). arginine is its precursor
b). it's a free radical
c). several isoenzymes (NO synthases) can catalyze its biosynthesis
d). after synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart function -
ANS ✔✔d). after synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart
function
On the surface of β-cells of pancreatic islet, the major type of glucose transporter is:
a) Glut 1
b) Glut 2
,c) Glut 3
d) Glut 4 - ANS ✔✔b) Glut 2
β-oxidation of fatty acids normally occurs in:
a) cytosol
b) nucleus
c) mitochondrion
d) Golgi complex - ANS ✔✔c) mitochondrion
In humans, the major form of nitrogen excretion is:
a) NH4+
b) urea
c) uric acid
d) creatine - ANS ✔✔b) urea
Regarding nucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogenous bases, which statement is INCORRECT:
a). a nucleoside contains a nitrogenous base and a ribose
b). a nucleotide contains a nucleoside, with a phosphate at 3' or 5' position of the ribose
c). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the riboses
d). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases - ANS
✔✔d). the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases
About enzymes and cofactors, which of the following statement is CORRECT?
a). hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine requires tetrahydrofolate.
b). if a protein associates with an enzyme and modulates the enzyme activity, it is called a
coenzyme.
c). biosynthesis of tetrabiopterin needs a precursor called biotin.
, d). cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is not a vitamin
derivative. - ANS ✔✔d). cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is
not a vitamin derivative.
Transamination is an important process in both biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids and
transport of amino groups from extrahepatic tissues to hepatocytes for disposal. This process
requires the cofactor PLP, which is a derivative of vitamin:
a). B4
b). B5
c). B6
d). B7 - ANS ✔✔c) B6
Methylation is an important reaction which is involved in many biosynthetic processes, such as
nucleotide synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis. Which of the following molecule is least
related to methylation?
a). alanine
b). methionine
c). serine
d). tetrahydrofolate - ANS ✔✔a) alanine
For de novo purine synthesis, the rate limiting enzyme is glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase.
Which of the following molecule will NOT repress its activity?
a). AMP
b). CMP
c). GMP
d). IMP - ANS ✔✔b) CMP
When an enzyme-catalyzed reversible reaction reaches equilibrium with very little product:
