Pathophysiology Latest ,recent and
frequently tested exam with
comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution (detailed &
elaborated) GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
Assignments and Coursework Support
Essays and Research Papers
Discussion Posts and Replies
,Nucleus - correct ans:Contains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - correct ans:Produces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out information to the
ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct ans:Production of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct ans:Site of synthesis of lysosomes and proteins for intracellular
and extracellular use.
Ribosomes - correct ans:Aids in protein production on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as
polysomes (messenger RNA and ribosomes).
The ribosomes along with transfer RNA interpret messenger RNA which carries the genetic material of
the cell.
Golgi apparatus - correct ans:Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - correct ans:Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells. Lysosome
membrane separates digestive enzymes from the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - correct ans:Breaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules and is involved
in nerve cell myelin sheath development.
Mitochondria - correct ans:Contains enzymes to convert food into energy. ATP production occurs in the
mitochondria.
Cilia - correct ans:Propels materials along the surface of certain cells.
Centrioles - correct ans:Helps organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
,secretory vesicles - correct ans:Stores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm awaiting the signal
for release to the outside of the cell.
food vacuole - correct ans:Stores ingested material and combines with lysosomes. It is the site of
digestion and degradation of engulfed materials. (for example autophagy)
Describe the characteristics of the different types of epithelial cells. - correct ans:Epithelial cells line the
outside and all interior areas of the body. The structure depends on the location and function of the cell.
Simple epithelium - a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - multiple layers of cells
Different epithelial cell shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
What are the functions of epithelial cells? - correct ans:Epithelial cells provide protection as well as play
a role in absorption, secretion, and excretion.
An example of the protective function is that of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, mouth,
esophagus, and vagina.
Keratin is on the outer side of the skin. These are made of a fibrous protein that is shed and replenished.
List the 3 types of connective tissue and discuss their characteristics. - correct ans:Connective tissue is
made up of a large extra-cellular matrix and fibroblast cells that produce several types of fibers.
The three types of fiber are collagen, elastin, and reticular.
What is the function of connective tissue? - correct ans:The most common function of connective tissue
is to support, attach, and store within the body.
, What are the different types of muscle tissue? - correct ans:Different types of muscle fibers include
smooth, cardiac, or skeletal.
These fibers can be voluntary or involuntary (eg. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels).
These are incapable of division and replication.
Describe the process of muscle contraction. - correct ans:1. Fiber stimulation leads to an action
potential, 2. depolarization and the release of calcium.
3.The calcium binds to troponin which then uncovers the actin-binding sites and allows for myosin
stands to pull the actin, leading to contraction. This process requires ATP.
Relaxation occurs when there is no longer stimulation or ATP. Calcium is then pumped back in and the
tropomyosin covers the actin-binding sites.
What are the functions of muscle tissue? - correct ans:Muscle fiber leads to movement as well as heart
contraction and contraction of blood vessels.
What are the two different types of nerve cells? - correct ans:Neurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the main structures of the neuron? - correct ans:The main structures of the neuron include the
following:
· Cell body and nucleus
· Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body
· Dendrites - conduct impulses toward the cell body
· The nerve cells are covered with myelin, forming the myelin sheath which protects the nerve as well as
increases speed of neural transmission.
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - correct ans:Provide structure to the nervous system.
frequently tested exam with
comprehensive questions and verified
accurate solution (detailed &
elaborated) GRADED A+
Professional Academic Assistance Services
Services Offered
Proctored Exam Assistance
Online Class Management (Full Course Support)
Exam Preparation & Study Materials
Assignments and Coursework Support
Essays and Research Papers
Discussion Posts and Replies
,Nucleus - correct ans:Contains the genetic information of the cell
Nuleolus - correct ans:Produces RNA which transcribes, processes, which sends out information to the
ribosomes.
Smoothe Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct ans:Production of phospholipids
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - correct ans:Site of synthesis of lysosomes and proteins for intracellular
and extracellular use.
Ribosomes - correct ans:Aids in protein production on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as
polysomes (messenger RNA and ribosomes).
The ribosomes along with transfer RNA interpret messenger RNA which carries the genetic material of
the cell.
Golgi apparatus - correct ans:Sorts, chemically modifies, and packages proteins produced on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - correct ans:Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells. Lysosome
membrane separates digestive enzymes from the cytoplasm.
Peroxisomes - correct ans:Breaks down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules and is involved
in nerve cell myelin sheath development.
Mitochondria - correct ans:Contains enzymes to convert food into energy. ATP production occurs in the
mitochondria.
Cilia - correct ans:Propels materials along the surface of certain cells.
Centrioles - correct ans:Helps organize spindle apparatus necessary for cell division.
,secretory vesicles - correct ans:Stores protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm awaiting the signal
for release to the outside of the cell.
food vacuole - correct ans:Stores ingested material and combines with lysosomes. It is the site of
digestion and degradation of engulfed materials. (for example autophagy)
Describe the characteristics of the different types of epithelial cells. - correct ans:Epithelial cells line the
outside and all interior areas of the body. The structure depends on the location and function of the cell.
Simple epithelium - a single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium - multiple layers of cells
Different epithelial cell shapes include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
What are the functions of epithelial cells? - correct ans:Epithelial cells provide protection as well as play
a role in absorption, secretion, and excretion.
An example of the protective function is that of the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin, mouth,
esophagus, and vagina.
Keratin is on the outer side of the skin. These are made of a fibrous protein that is shed and replenished.
List the 3 types of connective tissue and discuss their characteristics. - correct ans:Connective tissue is
made up of a large extra-cellular matrix and fibroblast cells that produce several types of fibers.
The three types of fiber are collagen, elastin, and reticular.
What is the function of connective tissue? - correct ans:The most common function of connective tissue
is to support, attach, and store within the body.
, What are the different types of muscle tissue? - correct ans:Different types of muscle fibers include
smooth, cardiac, or skeletal.
These fibers can be voluntary or involuntary (eg. Smooth muscle in the blood vessels).
These are incapable of division and replication.
Describe the process of muscle contraction. - correct ans:1. Fiber stimulation leads to an action
potential, 2. depolarization and the release of calcium.
3.The calcium binds to troponin which then uncovers the actin-binding sites and allows for myosin
stands to pull the actin, leading to contraction. This process requires ATP.
Relaxation occurs when there is no longer stimulation or ATP. Calcium is then pumped back in and the
tropomyosin covers the actin-binding sites.
What are the functions of muscle tissue? - correct ans:Muscle fiber leads to movement as well as heart
contraction and contraction of blood vessels.
What are the two different types of nerve cells? - correct ans:Neurons
Neuroglial cells
What are the main structures of the neuron? - correct ans:The main structures of the neuron include the
following:
· Cell body and nucleus
· Axon - conducts impulses away from the cell body
· Dendrites - conduct impulses toward the cell body
· The nerve cells are covered with myelin, forming the myelin sheath which protects the nerve as well as
increases speed of neural transmission.
What is the function of neuroglial cells? - correct ans:Provide structure to the nervous system.
