BIO 290 REVIEW EXAMS UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Thoracic vertebrae characteristics - ✔✔Costal facets, heart-shaped body, long
spinous process
✔✔Lumbar vertebrae characteristics - ✔✔Large kidney-shaped body, thick spinous
process
✔✔Atlas - ✔✔C1 vertebra lacking body
✔✔Axis - ✔✔C2 vertebra containing dens
✔✔Dens - ✔✔Odontoid process of axis
✔✔Transverse foramina - ✔✔Openings in cervical vertebrae for vertebral arteries
✔✔Costal facets - ✔✔Articular surfaces for ribs
✔✔Sacrum - ✔✔Five fused vertebrae forming posterior pelvis
✔✔Coccyx - ✔✔Tailbone of fused vertebrae
, ✔✔Primary spinal curvatures - ✔✔Thoracic and sacral
✔✔Secondary spinal curvatures - ✔✔Cervical and lumbar
✔✔True ribs - ✔✔Ribs 1-7 with direct sternal attachment
✔✔False ribs - ✔✔Ribs 8-10 with indirect sternal attachment
✔✔Floating ribs - ✔✔Ribs 11-12 without anterior attachment
✔✔Intervertebral disc - ✔✔Fibrocartilaginous cushion between vertebrae
✔✔Annulus fibrosus - ✔✔Outer fibrocartilage ring of disc
✔✔Nucleus pulposus - ✔✔Inner gelatinous core of disc
✔✔Disc herniation - ✔✔Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosus
✔✔Anterior longitudinal ligament - ✔✔Prevents hyperextension
✔✔Posterior longitudinal ligament - ✔✔Prevents hyperflexion
✔✔Ligamentum flavum - ✔✔Connects adjacent laminae
✔✔Interspinous ligament - ✔✔Connects adjacent spinous processes
✔✔Supraspinous ligament - ✔✔Connects spinous process tips
✔✔Epaxial muscles - ✔✔Intrinsic back muscles
✔✔Innervation of epaxial muscles - ✔✔Dorsal rami
✔✔Erector spinae muscles - ✔✔Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
✔✔Function of erector spinae - ✔✔Extend vertebral column
✔✔Transversospinalis muscles - ✔✔Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
✔✔Central nervous system - ✔✔Brain and spinal cord
✔✔Peripheral nervous system - ✔✔Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Thoracic vertebrae characteristics - ✔✔Costal facets, heart-shaped body, long
spinous process
✔✔Lumbar vertebrae characteristics - ✔✔Large kidney-shaped body, thick spinous
process
✔✔Atlas - ✔✔C1 vertebra lacking body
✔✔Axis - ✔✔C2 vertebra containing dens
✔✔Dens - ✔✔Odontoid process of axis
✔✔Transverse foramina - ✔✔Openings in cervical vertebrae for vertebral arteries
✔✔Costal facets - ✔✔Articular surfaces for ribs
✔✔Sacrum - ✔✔Five fused vertebrae forming posterior pelvis
✔✔Coccyx - ✔✔Tailbone of fused vertebrae
, ✔✔Primary spinal curvatures - ✔✔Thoracic and sacral
✔✔Secondary spinal curvatures - ✔✔Cervical and lumbar
✔✔True ribs - ✔✔Ribs 1-7 with direct sternal attachment
✔✔False ribs - ✔✔Ribs 8-10 with indirect sternal attachment
✔✔Floating ribs - ✔✔Ribs 11-12 without anterior attachment
✔✔Intervertebral disc - ✔✔Fibrocartilaginous cushion between vertebrae
✔✔Annulus fibrosus - ✔✔Outer fibrocartilage ring of disc
✔✔Nucleus pulposus - ✔✔Inner gelatinous core of disc
✔✔Disc herniation - ✔✔Protrusion of nucleus pulposus through annulus fibrosus
✔✔Anterior longitudinal ligament - ✔✔Prevents hyperextension
✔✔Posterior longitudinal ligament - ✔✔Prevents hyperflexion
✔✔Ligamentum flavum - ✔✔Connects adjacent laminae
✔✔Interspinous ligament - ✔✔Connects adjacent spinous processes
✔✔Supraspinous ligament - ✔✔Connects spinous process tips
✔✔Epaxial muscles - ✔✔Intrinsic back muscles
✔✔Innervation of epaxial muscles - ✔✔Dorsal rami
✔✔Erector spinae muscles - ✔✔Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
✔✔Function of erector spinae - ✔✔Extend vertebral column
✔✔Transversospinalis muscles - ✔✔Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
✔✔Central nervous system - ✔✔Brain and spinal cord
✔✔Peripheral nervous system - ✔✔Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia
