MIMG 185 Exam Questions and Correct Answers
What are physiologic barriers?
- Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, soluble factors
What are soluble factors?
- Lysosyme, interferons, complement
What do Lysosymes do?
- Found in mucous, cleaves bacterial peptidoglycans
What do interferons do?
- Antiviral effects, produced by infected cells
What are the complement?
- Series of proteins that form a cascade on exposure to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis?
- Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
How does Phagocytosis works?
- Engulfs particles/organisms via receptors, degrades them in lysosomes
- Receptor is nonspecific
What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria?
- Receptor binds lipopolysaccharides
Which cells go through endocytosis?
,- All cells
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
What is the inflammatory response?
- Vasodilation causing increase in blood vessel diameter
- Increase in capillary permeability
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to cause
inflammation?
- Margination - adherence to capillary wall
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation?
- Acute phase proteins, Histamine, Kinins
What do Acute phase proteins do?
- Released by the liver, binds polysaccharides, initiate complement cascade
What do Histamines do?
- Released from injury, stimulate vasodilation
What do Kinins do?
- Released following injury, stimulates vasodilation, stimulate pain receptors in skin
,What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do they come
from?
Give an example
- To discriminate between pathogens and self
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect?
- Adaptive immunity, specific
- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger responses the 2nd time
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria, but acquired will
How is acquired response specific?
- Must detect self versus non-self
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response responds to?
- Antigen: molecule or structure against which the immune response is directed to
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or a coke bottle
What can alter the antigenic university?
- Mutations causing genetic change can rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have?
, - Key players: lymphocytes B and T cells
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
What is found on the B cell receptor?
- B cell receptor are Antibodies (Ab)
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in blood/lymph) --> able to bind
antigen at a site away from the cell
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)?
- Only found on the T cell surface
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away from it
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production?
- Only a particular B cell makes a particular Antibody
- Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur?
- Cells (Mature B cells) reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become memory cells
What are plasma cells?
- Cells that become Ab producers
What are physiologic barriers?
- Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, soluble factors
What are soluble factors?
- Lysosyme, interferons, complement
What do Lysosymes do?
- Found in mucous, cleaves bacterial peptidoglycans
What do interferons do?
- Antiviral effects, produced by infected cells
What are the complement?
- Series of proteins that form a cascade on exposure to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis?
- Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils
How does Phagocytosis works?
- Engulfs particles/organisms via receptors, degrades them in lysosomes
- Receptor is nonspecific
What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria?
- Receptor binds lipopolysaccharides
Which cells go through endocytosis?
,- All cells
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
What is the inflammatory response?
- Vasodilation causing increase in blood vessel diameter
- Increase in capillary permeability
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to cause
inflammation?
- Margination - adherence to capillary wall
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation?
- Acute phase proteins, Histamine, Kinins
What do Acute phase proteins do?
- Released by the liver, binds polysaccharides, initiate complement cascade
What do Histamines do?
- Released from injury, stimulate vasodilation
What do Kinins do?
- Released following injury, stimulates vasodilation, stimulate pain receptors in skin
,What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do they come
from?
Give an example
- To discriminate between pathogens and self
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect?
- Adaptive immunity, specific
- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger responses the 2nd time
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria, but acquired will
How is acquired response specific?
- Must detect self versus non-self
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response responds to?
- Antigen: molecule or structure against which the immune response is directed to
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or a coke bottle
What can alter the antigenic university?
- Mutations causing genetic change can rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have?
, - Key players: lymphocytes B and T cells
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
What is found on the B cell receptor?
- B cell receptor are Antibodies (Ab)
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in blood/lymph) --> able to bind
antigen at a site away from the cell
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)?
- Only found on the T cell surface
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away from it
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production?
- Only a particular B cell makes a particular Antibody
- Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur?
- Cells (Mature B cells) reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become memory cells
What are plasma cells?
- Cells that become Ab producers
