Fundamentals 1871 Test 2 CSCC UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Question: Pain
Correct Answer: Is a physiological mechanism that protects an individual from a harmful stimulus. It is
subjective and highly individualized
Question: Pain Consequences
Correct Answer: It has physical, psychological, and spiritual consequences: - It reduces a person's energy
and causes fatigue - It interferes with interpersonal relationships and decreases quality of life - Left
untreated, it may lead to serious physical, psychological, social, and financial consequences - People may
result to inappropriately treating their pain leading to prescription or non prescription drug abuse
Question: Physiology of Pain
Correct Answer: Nociception is divided into four categories: - Transduction - Transmission - Perception -
Modulation
Question: Nociception
Correct Answer: Is the observable activity in the nervous system that allows people to detect pain
Question: Transduction
Correct Answer: Beginning of the pain process - It starts in the peripheral nerves called nociceptors that
initially pick up the pain and convert it to energy
Question: Transmission
Correct Answer: Energy is transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord
Question: Myelinated Nociceptors or Delta Fibers
Correct Answer: Pick sharp and localized pain
Question: Unmyelinated Nociceptors or C Fibers (Known as Second Pain)
Correct Answer: Pick dull, achy and generalized pain
Question: Perception
Correct Answer: Occurs when it reaches the cerebral cortex and the brain now interprets the quality of
pain. This is the moment when the person becomes aware that they've been hurt
Question: Modulation
Correct Answer: It is when the body tries to modify the pain
Question: Sympathetic (Fight or Flight Response)
Correct Answer: Triggered by superficial pain (ex: car accident) - Increased heart rate (provides increased
oxygen transport) - Hypertension (elevates blood pressure) - Hyperglycemia (provides additional energy) -
Pupil dilation (affords better vision) - Increased cortisol levels (heightened memory functions)
Question: Parasympathetic
Correct Answer: Triggered by severe deep pain. Occurs often with the visceral organs (ex: severe
stomachache, kidney stones) - Pallor (causes blood supply to shift away from periphery) - Nausea/Vomiting
,(Vagus nerve sends impulses to chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain) - Decreased heart rate (Results
from vagal stimulation) - Decreased blood pressure (Results from vagal stimulation)
Question: Behavioral Responses to Acute Pain
Correct Answer: Decreased appetite - Increased irritability - Guarding the injured area - Lying in fetal
position - Also, yelling, crying out or being verbally expressive
Question: Acute Pain (Transient)
Correct Answer: Protective pain - Identifiable cause - Limited duration (Temporary) - It eventually
resolves, with or without treatment, after an injured area heals
Question: Chronic Pain (Persistent)
Correct Answer: Not protective - May not have identifiable cause - Can be classified as chronic when the
body part is hurting three to six months after the expected recovery - Severely impacts daily living (ex: lose
job, sexual dysfunction, social isolation, ADLs performance) - People do not always show obvious
signs/symptoms of pain - Arthritis, low back pain, headache, fibromyalgia, and peripheral neuropathy
Question: Chronic Episodic Pain
Correct Answer: Occurs sporadically over an extended duration - Ex: migraine headaches, gout, and pain
related to sickle cell crisis
Question: Classification of Pain
Correct Answer: Nociceptive - Somatic - Visceral - Neuropathic
Question: Nociceptive
Correct Answer: Special peripheral nerve endings. Well localized - Found in skin, bone, and joints - This
type of pain responds to analgesics both non opioid and opioids
Question: Somatic
Correct Answer: Experienced in the bones, joints, muscle, skin, or connective tissues - Classified as
aching and throbbing - Type of pain felt with sport injuries
Question: Visceral
Correct Answer: Pain from the organs
Question: Neuropathic
Correct Answer: Produced by the nervous system - It can occur from spinal cord tumors, spinal injuries or
pathology such as diabetic neuropathy - Burning and tingling - Anticonvulsant drugs (Gabapentin) to
reduce pain
Question: Factors Influencing Pain
Correct Answer: Physiological: age, energy level, genes, neurological function - Social: presence of loved,
previous experience, spirituality - Psychological: attention, anxiety, coping - Cultural: reaction to pain,
expression of pain, different attitudes towards pain
Question: Pain In The Older Adult
Correct Answer: Decreased amount of body water and increased body fat. Water or fat soluble medicines
are more concentrated (ex: morphine and fentanyl act stronger in the body) - Liver and kidneys metabolize
and excrete drugs. These organs decline in function which causes longer effects of the drugs in the body -
, Increased of chronic diseases causes increased amounts of pain (ex: heart failure, osteoarthritis, and COPD)
Question: Nursing Assessment (Pain)
Correct Answer: Assessment questions: current pain, PQRRSTU format - Current medications - Activity
Question: PQRRSTU
Correct Answer: P: provoking - Q: quality - R: relief - R: region - S: severity - T: timing - U: effect of pain
Question: Physical Examination
Correct Answer: Focused physical assessment - Nonverbal responses to pain - Assessing type of pain:
superficial, deep/visceral, referred, radiating
Question: Pain Scales
Correct Answer: 0-10 pain - PAIN-AD (Cognitive impairment in adults) - Wong-Baker's (Challenged
children)
Question: Nursing Interventions (Pain)
Correct Answer: Patient advocacy (ex: check pt 30min-1hr after medication) - Multimodal pain approach
(ex: hot and cold therapy) - Health promotion (ex: massage therapy) - Setting priorities (ex: treat pain
before therapy starts)
Question: Fatigue
Correct Answer: Heightens the perception of pain and decreases coping abilities
Question: Urinary System
Correct Answer: Upper urinary tract: kidneys and ureters - Lower urinary tract: bladder and urethra
Question: Nephrons
Correct Answer: Filter and process blood to create urine
Question: Alternations in Elimination
Correct Answer: Urinary incontinence: stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence
Question: Stress Urinary Incontinence
Correct Answer: Leaking of urine while coughing, sneezing, or laughing - Weakened pelvic floor muscles
- Nocturia is NOT present - Mostly seen in women who had children
Question: Urinary Urgency Incontinence
Correct Answer: Strong, sudden urge to void - Caused by involuntary contraction of bladder (Increase
with age) - Nocturia, frequency, and leaking is common
Question: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Correct Answer: Bacterial infection of the urinary system separated into: lower UTI and upper UTI
Question: Lower UTI
Correct Answer: Caused by sexual activity, incontinence, urinary retention, poor hygiene practice (Wiping
back to front), and indwelling Foley catheters - Bladder and urethra - Dysuria - Cloudy foul - Smelling
urine - Increased urgency, frequency, incontinence, and suprapubic tenderness - Treated with oral
antibiotics
CORRECT Answers
Question: Pain
Correct Answer: Is a physiological mechanism that protects an individual from a harmful stimulus. It is
subjective and highly individualized
Question: Pain Consequences
Correct Answer: It has physical, psychological, and spiritual consequences: - It reduces a person's energy
and causes fatigue - It interferes with interpersonal relationships and decreases quality of life - Left
untreated, it may lead to serious physical, psychological, social, and financial consequences - People may
result to inappropriately treating their pain leading to prescription or non prescription drug abuse
Question: Physiology of Pain
Correct Answer: Nociception is divided into four categories: - Transduction - Transmission - Perception -
Modulation
Question: Nociception
Correct Answer: Is the observable activity in the nervous system that allows people to detect pain
Question: Transduction
Correct Answer: Beginning of the pain process - It starts in the peripheral nerves called nociceptors that
initially pick up the pain and convert it to energy
Question: Transmission
Correct Answer: Energy is transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord
Question: Myelinated Nociceptors or Delta Fibers
Correct Answer: Pick sharp and localized pain
Question: Unmyelinated Nociceptors or C Fibers (Known as Second Pain)
Correct Answer: Pick dull, achy and generalized pain
Question: Perception
Correct Answer: Occurs when it reaches the cerebral cortex and the brain now interprets the quality of
pain. This is the moment when the person becomes aware that they've been hurt
Question: Modulation
Correct Answer: It is when the body tries to modify the pain
Question: Sympathetic (Fight or Flight Response)
Correct Answer: Triggered by superficial pain (ex: car accident) - Increased heart rate (provides increased
oxygen transport) - Hypertension (elevates blood pressure) - Hyperglycemia (provides additional energy) -
Pupil dilation (affords better vision) - Increased cortisol levels (heightened memory functions)
Question: Parasympathetic
Correct Answer: Triggered by severe deep pain. Occurs often with the visceral organs (ex: severe
stomachache, kidney stones) - Pallor (causes blood supply to shift away from periphery) - Nausea/Vomiting
,(Vagus nerve sends impulses to chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain) - Decreased heart rate (Results
from vagal stimulation) - Decreased blood pressure (Results from vagal stimulation)
Question: Behavioral Responses to Acute Pain
Correct Answer: Decreased appetite - Increased irritability - Guarding the injured area - Lying in fetal
position - Also, yelling, crying out or being verbally expressive
Question: Acute Pain (Transient)
Correct Answer: Protective pain - Identifiable cause - Limited duration (Temporary) - It eventually
resolves, with or without treatment, after an injured area heals
Question: Chronic Pain (Persistent)
Correct Answer: Not protective - May not have identifiable cause - Can be classified as chronic when the
body part is hurting three to six months after the expected recovery - Severely impacts daily living (ex: lose
job, sexual dysfunction, social isolation, ADLs performance) - People do not always show obvious
signs/symptoms of pain - Arthritis, low back pain, headache, fibromyalgia, and peripheral neuropathy
Question: Chronic Episodic Pain
Correct Answer: Occurs sporadically over an extended duration - Ex: migraine headaches, gout, and pain
related to sickle cell crisis
Question: Classification of Pain
Correct Answer: Nociceptive - Somatic - Visceral - Neuropathic
Question: Nociceptive
Correct Answer: Special peripheral nerve endings. Well localized - Found in skin, bone, and joints - This
type of pain responds to analgesics both non opioid and opioids
Question: Somatic
Correct Answer: Experienced in the bones, joints, muscle, skin, or connective tissues - Classified as
aching and throbbing - Type of pain felt with sport injuries
Question: Visceral
Correct Answer: Pain from the organs
Question: Neuropathic
Correct Answer: Produced by the nervous system - It can occur from spinal cord tumors, spinal injuries or
pathology such as diabetic neuropathy - Burning and tingling - Anticonvulsant drugs (Gabapentin) to
reduce pain
Question: Factors Influencing Pain
Correct Answer: Physiological: age, energy level, genes, neurological function - Social: presence of loved,
previous experience, spirituality - Psychological: attention, anxiety, coping - Cultural: reaction to pain,
expression of pain, different attitudes towards pain
Question: Pain In The Older Adult
Correct Answer: Decreased amount of body water and increased body fat. Water or fat soluble medicines
are more concentrated (ex: morphine and fentanyl act stronger in the body) - Liver and kidneys metabolize
and excrete drugs. These organs decline in function which causes longer effects of the drugs in the body -
, Increased of chronic diseases causes increased amounts of pain (ex: heart failure, osteoarthritis, and COPD)
Question: Nursing Assessment (Pain)
Correct Answer: Assessment questions: current pain, PQRRSTU format - Current medications - Activity
Question: PQRRSTU
Correct Answer: P: provoking - Q: quality - R: relief - R: region - S: severity - T: timing - U: effect of pain
Question: Physical Examination
Correct Answer: Focused physical assessment - Nonverbal responses to pain - Assessing type of pain:
superficial, deep/visceral, referred, radiating
Question: Pain Scales
Correct Answer: 0-10 pain - PAIN-AD (Cognitive impairment in adults) - Wong-Baker's (Challenged
children)
Question: Nursing Interventions (Pain)
Correct Answer: Patient advocacy (ex: check pt 30min-1hr after medication) - Multimodal pain approach
(ex: hot and cold therapy) - Health promotion (ex: massage therapy) - Setting priorities (ex: treat pain
before therapy starts)
Question: Fatigue
Correct Answer: Heightens the perception of pain and decreases coping abilities
Question: Urinary System
Correct Answer: Upper urinary tract: kidneys and ureters - Lower urinary tract: bladder and urethra
Question: Nephrons
Correct Answer: Filter and process blood to create urine
Question: Alternations in Elimination
Correct Answer: Urinary incontinence: stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence
Question: Stress Urinary Incontinence
Correct Answer: Leaking of urine while coughing, sneezing, or laughing - Weakened pelvic floor muscles
- Nocturia is NOT present - Mostly seen in women who had children
Question: Urinary Urgency Incontinence
Correct Answer: Strong, sudden urge to void - Caused by involuntary contraction of bladder (Increase
with age) - Nocturia, frequency, and leaking is common
Question: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Correct Answer: Bacterial infection of the urinary system separated into: lower UTI and upper UTI
Question: Lower UTI
Correct Answer: Caused by sexual activity, incontinence, urinary retention, poor hygiene practice (Wiping
back to front), and indwelling Foley catheters - Bladder and urethra - Dysuria - Cloudy foul - Smelling
urine - Increased urgency, frequency, incontinence, and suprapubic tenderness - Treated with oral
antibiotics
