NSG 3850 Exam 1 Patho 2 Comprehensive
Pathophysiology Examination WITH QUESTIONS
AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWER✨✔-S ACTUAL!!!!
2026
1. The nurse is caring for a client who has a fluid volume deficit. The nurse
recognizes which of the following as a manifestation of fluid volume deficit?
A. Acute weight loss of less than or equal to 5%
B. Chest tightness and shortness of air
C. Postural hypertension
D. Low urine specific gravity
ANSWER✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A (Correct): Acute weight loss is one of the most reliable indicators of fluid
volume deficit. A weight loss of 1 kg equals approximately 1 liter of fluid loss.
Weight changes of 5% or less indicate mild to moderate fluid deficit.
nurse.org
Option B (Incorrect): Chest tightness and shortness of breath are manifestations
of fluid volume excess, not deficit. These symptoms occur when excess fluid
accumulates in the lungs (pulmonary edema).
nurseslabs.com
Option C (Incorrect): Postural hypertension is incorrect. Fluid volume deficit
causes postural HYPOTENSION (orthostatic hypotension), not hypertension, due
to decreased circulating blood volume.
,simplenursing.com
Option D (Incorrect): Low urine specific gravity indicates dilute urine, which
occurs with fluid volume excess. In fluid volume deficit, the kidneys conserve
water, producing concentrated urine with HIGH specific gravity (>1.030).
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
2. The nurse is caring for a client admitted with clinical dehydration. Which of the
following manifestations should the nurse expect to see in the client?
A. Hypertension
B. Bulging eyes
C. Dry mucous membranes
D. Edema
ANSWER✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A (Incorrect): Hypertension is associated with fluid volume excess, not
dehydration. Dehydration causes hypotension due to decreased circulating blood
volume and reduced cardiac output.
int.livhospital.com
Option B (Incorrect): Bulging eyes are not a manifestation of dehydration. Sunken
eyes are characteristic of dehydration, especially in moderate to severe cases.
www.healthdirect.gov.au
Option C (Correct): Dry mucous membranes are a classic sign of dehydration. The
nurse would assess dry mouth, dry tongue, and cracked lips as the body loses
fluid.
simplenursing.com
Option D (Incorrect): Edema indicates fluid accumulation in tissues, which is the
opposite of dehydration. Edema is a sign of fluid volume excess.
simplenursing.com
,3. The nurse is teaching a newly hired nurse about extracellular fluid components.
Which of the following statements by the newly hired nurse indicates a correct
understanding of the teaching?
A. Extracellular fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium and phosphorus
B. Examples of extracellular fluids include intravascular, interstitial and
transcellular
C. Fluid volume excess is seen in clients who are on extensive bed rest
D. Homeostasis is achieved when there is an equal composition of electrolytes in
all fluid components
ANSWER✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A (Incorrect): Extracellular fluid is rich in sodium, chloride, and
bicarbonate. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are primarily found in
INTRACELLULAR fluid, not extracellular fluid.
courses.lumenlearning.com
Option B (Correct): Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of three main components:
intravascular fluid (plasma), interstitial fluid (fluid between cells), and
transcellular fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid).
lmu.pressbooks.pub
Option C (Incorrect): While bed rest can contribute to fluid shifts, this statement
does not demonstrate understanding of ECF components. Bed rest may actually
cause fluid volume shifts but is not a defining characteristic of ECF.
leveluprn.com
Option D (Incorrect): Homeostasis does NOT require equal electrolyte
composition in all compartments. Different fluid compartments have distinctly
different electrolyte compositions that are maintained by active transport
mechanisms.
www.sciencedirect.com
, 4. The nurse has attended a conference on fluid volume excess and edema. It
would indicate a correct understanding of the conference if the nurse states,
"Edema occurs by:"
A. Leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial
fluid hydrostatic pressure
B. Altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which
enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment
C. Allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
D. Movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular
compartment, which leads to cell swelling
ANSWER✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A (Correct): Edema forms when vascular fluid leaks into the interstitial
space, increasing interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. This occurs when capillary
hydrostatic pressure exceeds the forces that normally keep fluid in the
vasculature.
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
Option B (Incorrect): While capillary permeability changes can contribute to
edema, altering the negative charge on the basement membrane is not the
primary mechanism of edema formation.
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
Option C (Incorrect): Although plasma protein leakage can occur with increased
capillary permeability, the primary mechanism is increased hydrostatic pressure
or decreased plasma oncotic pressure, not increased interstitial osmotic pressure.
UpToDate临床顾问
Pathophysiology Examination WITH QUESTIONS
AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWER✨✔-S ACTUAL!!!!
2026
1. The nurse is caring for a client who has a fluid volume deficit. The nurse
recognizes which of the following as a manifestation of fluid volume deficit?
A. Acute weight loss of less than or equal to 5%
B. Chest tightness and shortness of air
C. Postural hypertension
D. Low urine specific gravity
ANSWER✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A (Correct): Acute weight loss is one of the most reliable indicators of fluid
volume deficit. A weight loss of 1 kg equals approximately 1 liter of fluid loss.
Weight changes of 5% or less indicate mild to moderate fluid deficit.
nurse.org
Option B (Incorrect): Chest tightness and shortness of breath are manifestations
of fluid volume excess, not deficit. These symptoms occur when excess fluid
accumulates in the lungs (pulmonary edema).
nurseslabs.com
Option C (Incorrect): Postural hypertension is incorrect. Fluid volume deficit
causes postural HYPOTENSION (orthostatic hypotension), not hypertension, due
to decreased circulating blood volume.
,simplenursing.com
Option D (Incorrect): Low urine specific gravity indicates dilute urine, which
occurs with fluid volume excess. In fluid volume deficit, the kidneys conserve
water, producing concentrated urine with HIGH specific gravity (>1.030).
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
2. The nurse is caring for a client admitted with clinical dehydration. Which of the
following manifestations should the nurse expect to see in the client?
A. Hypertension
B. Bulging eyes
C. Dry mucous membranes
D. Edema
ANSWER✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A (Incorrect): Hypertension is associated with fluid volume excess, not
dehydration. Dehydration causes hypotension due to decreased circulating blood
volume and reduced cardiac output.
int.livhospital.com
Option B (Incorrect): Bulging eyes are not a manifestation of dehydration. Sunken
eyes are characteristic of dehydration, especially in moderate to severe cases.
www.healthdirect.gov.au
Option C (Correct): Dry mucous membranes are a classic sign of dehydration. The
nurse would assess dry mouth, dry tongue, and cracked lips as the body loses
fluid.
simplenursing.com
Option D (Incorrect): Edema indicates fluid accumulation in tissues, which is the
opposite of dehydration. Edema is a sign of fluid volume excess.
simplenursing.com
,3. The nurse is teaching a newly hired nurse about extracellular fluid components.
Which of the following statements by the newly hired nurse indicates a correct
understanding of the teaching?
A. Extracellular fluid is rich in potassium, magnesium and phosphorus
B. Examples of extracellular fluids include intravascular, interstitial and
transcellular
C. Fluid volume excess is seen in clients who are on extensive bed rest
D. Homeostasis is achieved when there is an equal composition of electrolytes in
all fluid components
ANSWER✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A (Incorrect): Extracellular fluid is rich in sodium, chloride, and
bicarbonate. Potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus are primarily found in
INTRACELLULAR fluid, not extracellular fluid.
courses.lumenlearning.com
Option B (Correct): Extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of three main components:
intravascular fluid (plasma), interstitial fluid (fluid between cells), and
transcellular fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid).
lmu.pressbooks.pub
Option C (Incorrect): While bed rest can contribute to fluid shifts, this statement
does not demonstrate understanding of ECF components. Bed rest may actually
cause fluid volume shifts but is not a defining characteristic of ECF.
leveluprn.com
Option D (Incorrect): Homeostasis does NOT require equal electrolyte
composition in all compartments. Different fluid compartments have distinctly
different electrolyte compositions that are maintained by active transport
mechanisms.
www.sciencedirect.com
, 4. The nurse has attended a conference on fluid volume excess and edema. It
would indicate a correct understanding of the conference if the nurse states,
"Edema occurs by:"
A. Leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial
fluid hydrostatic pressure
B. Altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which
enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment
C. Allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
D. Movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular
compartment, which leads to cell swelling
ANSWER✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A (Correct): Edema forms when vascular fluid leaks into the interstitial
space, increasing interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure. This occurs when capillary
hydrostatic pressure exceeds the forces that normally keep fluid in the
vasculature.
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
Option B (Incorrect): While capillary permeability changes can contribute to
edema, altering the negative charge on the basement membrane is not the
primary mechanism of edema formation.
美国卫生与公共服务部NIH
Option C (Incorrect): Although plasma protein leakage can occur with increased
capillary permeability, the primary mechanism is increased hydrostatic pressure
or decreased plasma oncotic pressure, not increased interstitial osmotic pressure.
UpToDate临床顾问
