NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – WEEK 2
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
WEEK 2 EXAM & EDAPT STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
GRADED A+ LATEST
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
1.
A decrease in preload will most directly result in which physiological change?
A. Increased afterload
B. Reduced stroke volume
C. Increased contractility
D. Elevated systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Preload reflects ventricular filling. Reduced preload decreases
myocardial fiber stretch, lowering stroke volume via the Frank–Starling
mechanism.
2.
Which condition is most characteristic of heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction (HFpEF)?
A. Ventricular dilation
B. Impaired ventricular relaxation
C. Reduced myocardial contractility
D. Decreased left ventricular wall thickness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: HFpEF is primarily a diastolic dysfunction caused by stiff ventricles
that impair relaxation and filling.
,3.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system contributes to heart failure progression
by:
A. Reducing preload
B. Promoting natriuresis
C. Increasing vascular resistance and fluid retention
D. Suppressing sympathetic activity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RAAS activation increases sodium and water retention and
vasoconstriction, worsening heart failure.
4.
Which factor most directly increases afterload?
A. Decreased blood volume
B. Increased systemic vascular resistance
C. Increased ventricular compliance
D. Reduced heart rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Afterload is the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood,
primarily determined by systemic vascular resistance.
5.
Long-standing hypertension most commonly leads to which structural cardiac
change?
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy
B. Left ventricular hypertrophy
C. Ventricular septal thinning
D. Atrial dilation only
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic pressure overload from hypertension causes concentric left
ventricular hypertrophy.
6.
Which mechanism initiates atherosclerotic plaque formation?
A. Platelet aggregation
B. LDL oxidation within the arterial wall
C. Smooth muscle apoptosis
D. Decreased nitric oxide production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxidized LDL triggers an inflammatory response, leading to foam cell
formation and plaque development.
7.
A patient with coronary artery disease experiences chest pain during exertion. The
most likely cause is:
A. Increased myocardial oxygen supply
B. Coronary artery vasodilation
C. Mismatch between oxygen supply and demand
D. Acute plaque rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exertion increases oxygen demand that cannot be met due to narrowed
coronary arteries.
, 8.
Which laboratory marker is most specific for myocardial injury?
A. Creatine kinase
B. Myoglobin
C. Troponin I
D. Lactate dehydrogenase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive for myocardial cell injury.
9.
Which compensatory mechanism initially supports cardiac output in early heart
failure?
A. Reduced sympathetic tone
B. Decreased heart rate
C. Increased contractility
D. Decreased preload
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sympathetic activation increases contractility and heart rate to maintain
cardiac output.
10.
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to hypertension primarily by:
A. Increasing nitric oxide release
B. Reducing vascular tone
C. Promoting vasoconstriction
D. Decreasing inflammatory mediators
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial dysfunction impairs vasodilation and promotes sustained
vasoconstriction.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
WEEK 2 EXAM & EDAPT STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS
AND 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
GRADED A+ LATEST
CHAMBERLAIN UNIVERSITY
1.
A decrease in preload will most directly result in which physiological change?
A. Increased afterload
B. Reduced stroke volume
C. Increased contractility
D. Elevated systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Preload reflects ventricular filling. Reduced preload decreases
myocardial fiber stretch, lowering stroke volume via the Frank–Starling
mechanism.
2.
Which condition is most characteristic of heart failure with preserved ejection
fraction (HFpEF)?
A. Ventricular dilation
B. Impaired ventricular relaxation
C. Reduced myocardial contractility
D. Decreased left ventricular wall thickness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: HFpEF is primarily a diastolic dysfunction caused by stiff ventricles
that impair relaxation and filling.
,3.
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system contributes to heart failure progression
by:
A. Reducing preload
B. Promoting natriuresis
C. Increasing vascular resistance and fluid retention
D. Suppressing sympathetic activity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RAAS activation increases sodium and water retention and
vasoconstriction, worsening heart failure.
4.
Which factor most directly increases afterload?
A. Decreased blood volume
B. Increased systemic vascular resistance
C. Increased ventricular compliance
D. Reduced heart rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Afterload is the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood,
primarily determined by systemic vascular resistance.
5.
Long-standing hypertension most commonly leads to which structural cardiac
change?
A. Right ventricular hypertrophy
B. Left ventricular hypertrophy
C. Ventricular septal thinning
D. Atrial dilation only
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic pressure overload from hypertension causes concentric left
ventricular hypertrophy.
6.
Which mechanism initiates atherosclerotic plaque formation?
A. Platelet aggregation
B. LDL oxidation within the arterial wall
C. Smooth muscle apoptosis
D. Decreased nitric oxide production
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxidized LDL triggers an inflammatory response, leading to foam cell
formation and plaque development.
7.
A patient with coronary artery disease experiences chest pain during exertion. The
most likely cause is:
A. Increased myocardial oxygen supply
B. Coronary artery vasodilation
C. Mismatch between oxygen supply and demand
D. Acute plaque rupture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exertion increases oxygen demand that cannot be met due to narrowed
coronary arteries.
, 8.
Which laboratory marker is most specific for myocardial injury?
A. Creatine kinase
B. Myoglobin
C. Troponin I
D. Lactate dehydrogenase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Troponin I is highly specific and sensitive for myocardial cell injury.
9.
Which compensatory mechanism initially supports cardiac output in early heart
failure?
A. Reduced sympathetic tone
B. Decreased heart rate
C. Increased contractility
D. Decreased preload
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sympathetic activation increases contractility and heart rate to maintain
cardiac output.
10.
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to hypertension primarily by:
A. Increasing nitric oxide release
B. Reducing vascular tone
C. Promoting vasoconstriction
D. Decreasing inflammatory mediators
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Endothelial dysfunction impairs vasodilation and promotes sustained
vasoconstriction.
