UBC PSYC 320A, David King Final
Exam and All Correct Answers 2026-
2027 Edition.
Person-by-treatment research design - Answer researcher takes pre-existing participant
groups (i.e man, woman), randomly assigns them to different levels of at least 1 independent
variable (i.e status level) and compares them on one or more dependent variables
Due to the incomplete random assignment, these designs have moderate experimental control
Cause and effect conclusions are possible, but limited
Ex post facto research design - Answer nonexperiemental design in which groups of people
who differ on a participant variable are compared on some dependent variable
Sampling bias - Answer relying on samples in which certain people or characteristics are
overrepresented, such that generalizability is severely limited
Female deficit model - Answer tendency to view sex differences as arising from something
women lack
Within-group variance - Answer how spread out the values are among people within the
same
group
Between-group variance - Answer difference between the average values for each group, the
effect size is the standardized difference between two group means
Gender similarity hypothesis - Answer suggests that males and females are similar on most,
but not all, psychological variables
Sex differences in Extraversion - Answer (d = -0.08) F > M
Sex differences in Neuroticism - Answer (d = -0.39) F > M
Sex differences in Openness to Experience - Answer (d = 0.02) NON-SIG
Sex differences in Conscientiousness - Answer (d = 0.06) NON-SIG
,Sex differences in Agreeableness - Answer (d = -0.48) F > M
Sex differences in Emotionality - Answer F > M, women ruminate more, women show
depression 2-3x more
Sex differences in Nurturance - Answer F > M, women are more agreeable and tender
minded, women score higher on warmth and empathy
Sex differences in Narcissism - Answer M > F, men score higher in the dark triad (narcissism,
psychopathy and machiavellianism)
Sex differences in Self-Esteem - Answer M > F, consistent across cultures except in Japan (F >
M)
Gender Diagnosticity Score - Answer An alternative method for measuring social differences
between women and men based on their roles and preferences
Designed to estimate the probability of being male or female, based on some gender-related
diagnostic indicator
Scores are often interpreted as "femininity" and "masculinity" but NOT intended to "diagnose"
gender identity
Postpositivism - Answer orientation that views empirical investigation as a useful method for
acquiring knowledge but recognizes its inherent biases and values
Scientific Postpositivism - Answer orientation that emphasizes the scientific method and
proposes that objective and value-free knowledge is attainable through empirical investigation
Epigenetics - Answer study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes
get expressed or activated
Epigenetic marks - Answer molecular structures that sit on genes and instruct them to
activate or deactivate
Sex differentiation - Answer the complex series of processes that unfolds as the sex-
undifferentiated embryo transitions into an individual with male, female or intersex gonads and
genitalia
, Genital ridge - Answer precursor to female to male gonads (ovaries or testes), which appears
identical in genetic female or male embryos
Genital tubercle - Answer the undifferentiated embryonic structure that becomes the clitoris
or the penis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) - Answer female fetus has an overactive adrenal gland,
resulting in female being hormonally masculinized, affecting organization of the brain and
gendered interest/activity of the individual
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) - Answer the cells of the body in genetic
males don't respond to the influence of androgens (because testosterone directs the
masculinization of genitals in fetuses), causing most to appear female at birth and identify as
female
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) - Answer partial inability for cells to respond to
androgens in genetic males, causing atypical external genitalia (either enlarged clitoris or small
penis)
Differences of sex development (DSDs) - Answer conditions present at birth in which sex
development carries from the norm in terms of chromosomes, gonads or anatomy
Turner's syndrome - Answer have only a single X chromosome in each cell, typically
identifying as female
Triple X syndrome - Answer have an XXX chromosomal pattern, typically identifying as female
Klinefelter syndrome - Answer have an XXY chromosomal pattern in each cell, typically
identifying as male
Jacob's syndrome - Answer have an XYY chromosomal pattern in each cell, typically
identifying as male
Guevedoces of the Dominican - Answer have a rare genetic disorder in which sex
differentiation does not occur in utero; raised as a girl until testes drop at puberty
"Optimal Sex" (optimal gender) - Answer the binary sex that doctors and parents perceive as
the best option for a newborn whose genitalia appear atypical at birth
Exam and All Correct Answers 2026-
2027 Edition.
Person-by-treatment research design - Answer researcher takes pre-existing participant
groups (i.e man, woman), randomly assigns them to different levels of at least 1 independent
variable (i.e status level) and compares them on one or more dependent variables
Due to the incomplete random assignment, these designs have moderate experimental control
Cause and effect conclusions are possible, but limited
Ex post facto research design - Answer nonexperiemental design in which groups of people
who differ on a participant variable are compared on some dependent variable
Sampling bias - Answer relying on samples in which certain people or characteristics are
overrepresented, such that generalizability is severely limited
Female deficit model - Answer tendency to view sex differences as arising from something
women lack
Within-group variance - Answer how spread out the values are among people within the
same
group
Between-group variance - Answer difference between the average values for each group, the
effect size is the standardized difference between two group means
Gender similarity hypothesis - Answer suggests that males and females are similar on most,
but not all, psychological variables
Sex differences in Extraversion - Answer (d = -0.08) F > M
Sex differences in Neuroticism - Answer (d = -0.39) F > M
Sex differences in Openness to Experience - Answer (d = 0.02) NON-SIG
Sex differences in Conscientiousness - Answer (d = 0.06) NON-SIG
,Sex differences in Agreeableness - Answer (d = -0.48) F > M
Sex differences in Emotionality - Answer F > M, women ruminate more, women show
depression 2-3x more
Sex differences in Nurturance - Answer F > M, women are more agreeable and tender
minded, women score higher on warmth and empathy
Sex differences in Narcissism - Answer M > F, men score higher in the dark triad (narcissism,
psychopathy and machiavellianism)
Sex differences in Self-Esteem - Answer M > F, consistent across cultures except in Japan (F >
M)
Gender Diagnosticity Score - Answer An alternative method for measuring social differences
between women and men based on their roles and preferences
Designed to estimate the probability of being male or female, based on some gender-related
diagnostic indicator
Scores are often interpreted as "femininity" and "masculinity" but NOT intended to "diagnose"
gender identity
Postpositivism - Answer orientation that views empirical investigation as a useful method for
acquiring knowledge but recognizes its inherent biases and values
Scientific Postpositivism - Answer orientation that emphasizes the scientific method and
proposes that objective and value-free knowledge is attainable through empirical investigation
Epigenetics - Answer study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes
get expressed or activated
Epigenetic marks - Answer molecular structures that sit on genes and instruct them to
activate or deactivate
Sex differentiation - Answer the complex series of processes that unfolds as the sex-
undifferentiated embryo transitions into an individual with male, female or intersex gonads and
genitalia
, Genital ridge - Answer precursor to female to male gonads (ovaries or testes), which appears
identical in genetic female or male embryos
Genital tubercle - Answer the undifferentiated embryonic structure that becomes the clitoris
or the penis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) - Answer female fetus has an overactive adrenal gland,
resulting in female being hormonally masculinized, affecting organization of the brain and
gendered interest/activity of the individual
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) - Answer the cells of the body in genetic
males don't respond to the influence of androgens (because testosterone directs the
masculinization of genitals in fetuses), causing most to appear female at birth and identify as
female
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) - Answer partial inability for cells to respond to
androgens in genetic males, causing atypical external genitalia (either enlarged clitoris or small
penis)
Differences of sex development (DSDs) - Answer conditions present at birth in which sex
development carries from the norm in terms of chromosomes, gonads or anatomy
Turner's syndrome - Answer have only a single X chromosome in each cell, typically
identifying as female
Triple X syndrome - Answer have an XXX chromosomal pattern, typically identifying as female
Klinefelter syndrome - Answer have an XXY chromosomal pattern in each cell, typically
identifying as male
Jacob's syndrome - Answer have an XYY chromosomal pattern in each cell, typically
identifying as male
Guevedoces of the Dominican - Answer have a rare genetic disorder in which sex
differentiation does not occur in utero; raised as a girl until testes drop at puberty
"Optimal Sex" (optimal gender) - Answer the binary sex that doctors and parents perceive as
the best option for a newborn whose genitalia appear atypical at birth
