NSG 5140 Advanced pathophysiology Final Exam
2026 NEWEST EXAM COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ BRAND NEW!!
acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER: anterior pituitary produces too much growth hormone after
epiphyseal plate closure in puberty; most commonly caused by pituitary adenoma
acute myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER: platelet aggregation, thrombus formation,
sustained occlusion of the vessel leading to infarction, necrosis of ischemic tissue; 12 lead EKG
changes (ST segment elevation)
acute phase response of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER: allergen is inhaled and binds to IgE
antibodies on mast cells in the lungs --> triggers exocytosis of the mast cells w/ release of
histamine and leukotrienes --> contraction of smooth muscle cells in the bronchi, narrowing the
lumen
acute rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: may be of viral, bacterial, or mixed origin; lasts
from 5-7 days, up to 5 weeks
agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER: leukocytes; include lymphocytes (b, t), monocytes, and
macrophages
AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER: CD4+ < 200 cells u/L; AIDS-defining illness (e.g., wasting
syndrome)
albumin - CORRECT ANSWER: plasma protein; contributes to osmotic pressure and
maintenance of blood volume; serves as a carrier for certain substances (e.g., hormones)
,allergic rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: mucosal changes related to allergens
alpha 1 antitrypsin - CORRECT ANSWER: glycoprotein produced in liver, prevents macrophage
destruction of normal host tissue during inflammatory process; deficiency has been identified in
premature lung disease (e.g., early onset COPD)
amino acid and amine hormones - CORRECT ANSWER: epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, T3, T4
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - CORRECT ANSWER: include macrophages, dendritic cells,
Langerhans cells, activated B-cells; (1) engulf foreign particles, (2) present fragment of antigens
on their own surfaces to be recognized by T cells
aortic regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER: incompetent valve --> backflow of blood into left
atria, increased ventricular volume
aortic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER: increased resistance to ejection of blood from left
ventricle into the aorta --> increased workload of L. ventricle, decreased CO, BP, PP, HR
aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER: normocytic, normochromic; decreased bone marrow
function, decreased level of all blood cells; decrease pluripotential stem cells
B cells - CORRECT ANSWER: act as antibody making factories
basophils - CORRECT ANSWER: innate immunity; release histamine
bronchial circulation - CORRECT ANSWER: arises from thoracic aorta; distributes blood to the
conducting airways, warms and humidifies incoming air
,cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER: caused by an alteration in cardiac function (pump
failure); e.g., AMI, ventricular aneurysm, end stage cardiomyopathy, valvular dysfunction;
results in decreased CO, hypotension, hypoperfusion
cause of TB - CORRECT ANSWER: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes of Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: Cushing's disease; secreting adrenal
tumor, non-pituitary ACTH secreting tumor, iatrogenic
causes of DIC - CORRECT ANSWER: secondary to other disorders (septicemia, neoplasms,
OB/GYN conditions, MODS), acute (massive insult), or chronic (cancer)
causes of diffuse brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER: hypoxia, meningitis, damage to blood
vessels, acceleration/deceleration injuries
causes of distributive shock - CORRECT ANSWER: neurogenic injury (brain injury, drugs,
cerebral edema), anaphylaxis, sepsis
causes of DVT - CORRECT ANSWER: venous stasis, vessel wall injury, altered blood
coagulation
causes of left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER: acute MI, cardiomyopathy,
myocarditis, valve disease, thyrotoxicosis
causes of myasthenia gravis - CORRECT ANSWER: autoimmune origin; thymus abnormalities
often present
causes of right-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER: conditions that restrict blood flow to
the lungs, stenosis/regurgitation of tricuspid or pulmonic valves, right ventricular infarction,
cardiomyopathy, persistent left-sided failure, cor pulmonale, HTN
, causes of TBI - CORRECT ANSWER: focal impact on the head, sudden
acceleration/deceleration within the cranium, or a complex combination of both movement and
sudden impact
cell-mediated immunity - CORRECT ANSWER: exposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated T-
cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an antigen and
destroy the target cell
cellular elements of blood - CORRECT ANSWER: thrombocytes, erythrocytes, leukocytes
chronic rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: lasts beyond 12 weeks
classifications of pneumonia - CORRECT ANSWER: community-acquired, hospital-associated,
health-care associated, ventilator-associated
clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: altered metabolism;
sodium and water retention; increased fat deposits (moon face, trunk obesity), abdominal striae,
osteoporosis (d/t alterations in calcium metabolism), impaired inflammatory and immune
response, emotionally labile
clinical manifestations of DIC - CORRECT ANSWER: mild ecchymosis, oozing to severe
bleeding, hypoxia, cyanosis, neurological and renal impairment, microthrombi in small vessels
clinical manifestations of DKA - CORRECT ANSWER: malaise, headache, polys,
nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain, dehydration dry skin and mucous membranes, tachycardia,
hypotension, tachypnea, Kussmaul's respirations, visual changes, altered level of consciousness;
lab changes: normal or subnormal temp, glycosuria, serum/urine ketones, elevated hematocrit,
leukocytosis, increased BUN, electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic
acidosis), high anion gap (>17)
2026 NEWEST EXAM COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+ BRAND NEW!!
acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER: anterior pituitary produces too much growth hormone after
epiphyseal plate closure in puberty; most commonly caused by pituitary adenoma
acute myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER: platelet aggregation, thrombus formation,
sustained occlusion of the vessel leading to infarction, necrosis of ischemic tissue; 12 lead EKG
changes (ST segment elevation)
acute phase response of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER: allergen is inhaled and binds to IgE
antibodies on mast cells in the lungs --> triggers exocytosis of the mast cells w/ release of
histamine and leukotrienes --> contraction of smooth muscle cells in the bronchi, narrowing the
lumen
acute rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: may be of viral, bacterial, or mixed origin; lasts
from 5-7 days, up to 5 weeks
agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER: leukocytes; include lymphocytes (b, t), monocytes, and
macrophages
AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER: CD4+ < 200 cells u/L; AIDS-defining illness (e.g., wasting
syndrome)
albumin - CORRECT ANSWER: plasma protein; contributes to osmotic pressure and
maintenance of blood volume; serves as a carrier for certain substances (e.g., hormones)
,allergic rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: mucosal changes related to allergens
alpha 1 antitrypsin - CORRECT ANSWER: glycoprotein produced in liver, prevents macrophage
destruction of normal host tissue during inflammatory process; deficiency has been identified in
premature lung disease (e.g., early onset COPD)
amino acid and amine hormones - CORRECT ANSWER: epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, T3, T4
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) - CORRECT ANSWER: include macrophages, dendritic cells,
Langerhans cells, activated B-cells; (1) engulf foreign particles, (2) present fragment of antigens
on their own surfaces to be recognized by T cells
aortic regurgitation - CORRECT ANSWER: incompetent valve --> backflow of blood into left
atria, increased ventricular volume
aortic stenosis - CORRECT ANSWER: increased resistance to ejection of blood from left
ventricle into the aorta --> increased workload of L. ventricle, decreased CO, BP, PP, HR
aplastic anemia - CORRECT ANSWER: normocytic, normochromic; decreased bone marrow
function, decreased level of all blood cells; decrease pluripotential stem cells
B cells - CORRECT ANSWER: act as antibody making factories
basophils - CORRECT ANSWER: innate immunity; release histamine
bronchial circulation - CORRECT ANSWER: arises from thoracic aorta; distributes blood to the
conducting airways, warms and humidifies incoming air
,cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER: caused by an alteration in cardiac function (pump
failure); e.g., AMI, ventricular aneurysm, end stage cardiomyopathy, valvular dysfunction;
results in decreased CO, hypotension, hypoperfusion
cause of TB - CORRECT ANSWER: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes of Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: Cushing's disease; secreting adrenal
tumor, non-pituitary ACTH secreting tumor, iatrogenic
causes of DIC - CORRECT ANSWER: secondary to other disorders (septicemia, neoplasms,
OB/GYN conditions, MODS), acute (massive insult), or chronic (cancer)
causes of diffuse brain injury - CORRECT ANSWER: hypoxia, meningitis, damage to blood
vessels, acceleration/deceleration injuries
causes of distributive shock - CORRECT ANSWER: neurogenic injury (brain injury, drugs,
cerebral edema), anaphylaxis, sepsis
causes of DVT - CORRECT ANSWER: venous stasis, vessel wall injury, altered blood
coagulation
causes of left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER: acute MI, cardiomyopathy,
myocarditis, valve disease, thyrotoxicosis
causes of myasthenia gravis - CORRECT ANSWER: autoimmune origin; thymus abnormalities
often present
causes of right-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER: conditions that restrict blood flow to
the lungs, stenosis/regurgitation of tricuspid or pulmonic valves, right ventricular infarction,
cardiomyopathy, persistent left-sided failure, cor pulmonale, HTN
, causes of TBI - CORRECT ANSWER: focal impact on the head, sudden
acceleration/deceleration within the cranium, or a complex combination of both movement and
sudden impact
cell-mediated immunity - CORRECT ANSWER: exposure to antigen presented by macrophages
cause antigen-specific T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the lymphoid tissue; activated T-
cells continually cycle from lymph to blood to lymph, able to directly respond to an antigen and
destroy the target cell
cellular elements of blood - CORRECT ANSWER: thrombocytes, erythrocytes, leukocytes
chronic rhinosinusitis - CORRECT ANSWER: lasts beyond 12 weeks
classifications of pneumonia - CORRECT ANSWER: community-acquired, hospital-associated,
health-care associated, ventilator-associated
clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER: altered metabolism;
sodium and water retention; increased fat deposits (moon face, trunk obesity), abdominal striae,
osteoporosis (d/t alterations in calcium metabolism), impaired inflammatory and immune
response, emotionally labile
clinical manifestations of DIC - CORRECT ANSWER: mild ecchymosis, oozing to severe
bleeding, hypoxia, cyanosis, neurological and renal impairment, microthrombi in small vessels
clinical manifestations of DKA - CORRECT ANSWER: malaise, headache, polys,
nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain, dehydration dry skin and mucous membranes, tachycardia,
hypotension, tachypnea, Kussmaul's respirations, visual changes, altered level of consciousness;
lab changes: normal or subnormal temp, glycosuria, serum/urine ketones, elevated hematocrit,
leukocytosis, increased BUN, electrolyte imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic
acidosis), high anion gap (>17)
