FRHD 3070 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | FAMILY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
WHAT IS EXTERNAL VALIDITY? - correct answer ✔✔-Confidence level of whether a study's
findings will reflect in the real world
-High external validity is the goal when a researcher wants their results to be a representation
of the real world
-To increase external validity, randomization must be an integral part of an experiment
employment
External Validity - correct answer ✔✔-outside the study
-does the same thing happen in other settings? (other labs, everyday settings)
Internal validity - correct answer ✔✔-inside the study
-was the research done right
FIELD EXPERIMENTS - correct answer ✔✔-Experimental research designs that are conducted in
a natural environment (e.g., library, a factory, or a school), rather than in a laboratory.
-Applies the scientific method to examine an intervention in the real world
-Possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision
and certainty in the lab
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - correct answer ✔✔-The ecological validity of a study means that the
methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being
examined (Not the same as external validity)
Generalizing to other populations: UNIVERSITY STUDENTS - correct answer ✔✔-Knowledge of
psychology
-Similar age group: early adulthood
,-High level of intelligence
-WEIRD
-Its problematic because university students are smarter than most young adults in the
population
Generalizing to other populations: VOLUNTEERS - correct answer ✔✔-Different from non-
volunteers
-More highly educated
-High level of conscientiousness (people pleaser)
-Individual difference among volunteers
Generalizing to other populations: SEX CONSIDERATIONS - correct answer ✔✔-Is the study
mixed or single-gender?
-Sometimes to much payed attention to gender sometimes not enough
-Are there gender biases in the questions asked?
-Are both genders interpreting questions in a similar manner?
Generalizing to other populations: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS - correct answer ✔✔-Racial and
ethnic composition of the sample
-Used to be only white Caucasian; now more culturally diverse
-Operational definitions can be influenced by culture
-Ex: eye contact in Canada may mean paying attention but in a different culture it can mean
something quite different
GENERALIZATION AS STATISTICAL INTERACTION - correct answer ✔✔-The problem of
generalization can be thought of as a statistical interaction
-Include the subject variable as another independent variable in the study
-No interaction = generalizability
,IN DEFENSE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND RATS - correct answer ✔✔-We have learned and
continue to learn a great deal from animal models
-University students are increasingly diverse and representative of society
-Replicability of findings
GENERALIZING TO OTHER EXPERIMENTERS - correct answer ✔✔-Experimenter's influence on
participants must remain constant throughout the experiment
-Experimenter personality characteristics and gender can also affect participants
-Solution: use two or more experimenters
PRETESTS AND GENERALIZATION - correct answer ✔✔Should a Pretest Be Given?
-Helps assess possible mortality effects
-Can use a Solomon four-group design to assess any interaction between the IV and the pretest
variable
-Pretests are not usually taken in the real world, they could possibly prime us all
GENERALIZING FROM LABORATORY SETTINGS - correct answer ✔✔-Controlled but artificial
environment
-Field experiments can increase external validity (you want this)
-Lab and field studies contribute to a greater understanding of human behaviour
Exact Replications (pretty rare) - correct answer ✔✔-An attempt to replicate precisely the
procedures of a study
-Ascertain whether the same results are obtained with replication
Conceptual Replications (done more frequently) - correct answer ✔✔-The use of different
procedures to replicate a research finding
, -The IV is manipulated in different ways than in the original study
-The DV can also be measured differently
Literature Review - correct answer ✔✔-Summarizes what has been found
-Tells the reader what findings are strongly/weakly supported
-Exposes inconsistent findings and areas lacking proper research
-Discusses future directions for research
-Map out the topic look at what's been done what needs to be done and further questions
Meta-analyses: - correct answer ✔✔-Method for determining the reliability of a finding by
examining the results from many different studies
-Researcher pools actual results from other studies, which are then analyzed statistically
USING RESEARCH TO IMPROVE LIVES - correct answer ✔✔-Goal of psychology is to promote
human welfare
-Impact of psychological research: health, law and criminal justice, education, work
environments
PROGRAM EVALUATION - correct answer ✔✔(1) Needs assessment- are there problems that
need to be addressed in a target position?
(2) Program theory assessment- how will the problems be addressed?
(3) Process evaluation- is the program addressing the needs appropriately?
(4) Outcome evaluation- are intended outcomes of the program being realized?
(5) Efficiency assessment- is the cost of the program worth the outcomes?
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS - correct answer ✔✔-Used when the control (e.g., random
assignment) of true experiments cannot be achieved
-Lower Internal validity than true experiments
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE FINAL EXAM REVIEW
WHAT IS EXTERNAL VALIDITY? - correct answer ✔✔-Confidence level of whether a study's
findings will reflect in the real world
-High external validity is the goal when a researcher wants their results to be a representation
of the real world
-To increase external validity, randomization must be an integral part of an experiment
employment
External Validity - correct answer ✔✔-outside the study
-does the same thing happen in other settings? (other labs, everyday settings)
Internal validity - correct answer ✔✔-inside the study
-was the research done right
FIELD EXPERIMENTS - correct answer ✔✔-Experimental research designs that are conducted in
a natural environment (e.g., library, a factory, or a school), rather than in a laboratory.
-Applies the scientific method to examine an intervention in the real world
-Possibility of contamination: experimental conditions can be controlled with more precision
and certainty in the lab
ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - correct answer ✔✔-The ecological validity of a study means that the
methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being
examined (Not the same as external validity)
Generalizing to other populations: UNIVERSITY STUDENTS - correct answer ✔✔-Knowledge of
psychology
-Similar age group: early adulthood
,-High level of intelligence
-WEIRD
-Its problematic because university students are smarter than most young adults in the
population
Generalizing to other populations: VOLUNTEERS - correct answer ✔✔-Different from non-
volunteers
-More highly educated
-High level of conscientiousness (people pleaser)
-Individual difference among volunteers
Generalizing to other populations: SEX CONSIDERATIONS - correct answer ✔✔-Is the study
mixed or single-gender?
-Sometimes to much payed attention to gender sometimes not enough
-Are there gender biases in the questions asked?
-Are both genders interpreting questions in a similar manner?
Generalizing to other populations: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS - correct answer ✔✔-Racial and
ethnic composition of the sample
-Used to be only white Caucasian; now more culturally diverse
-Operational definitions can be influenced by culture
-Ex: eye contact in Canada may mean paying attention but in a different culture it can mean
something quite different
GENERALIZATION AS STATISTICAL INTERACTION - correct answer ✔✔-The problem of
generalization can be thought of as a statistical interaction
-Include the subject variable as another independent variable in the study
-No interaction = generalizability
,IN DEFENSE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND RATS - correct answer ✔✔-We have learned and
continue to learn a great deal from animal models
-University students are increasingly diverse and representative of society
-Replicability of findings
GENERALIZING TO OTHER EXPERIMENTERS - correct answer ✔✔-Experimenter's influence on
participants must remain constant throughout the experiment
-Experimenter personality characteristics and gender can also affect participants
-Solution: use two or more experimenters
PRETESTS AND GENERALIZATION - correct answer ✔✔Should a Pretest Be Given?
-Helps assess possible mortality effects
-Can use a Solomon four-group design to assess any interaction between the IV and the pretest
variable
-Pretests are not usually taken in the real world, they could possibly prime us all
GENERALIZING FROM LABORATORY SETTINGS - correct answer ✔✔-Controlled but artificial
environment
-Field experiments can increase external validity (you want this)
-Lab and field studies contribute to a greater understanding of human behaviour
Exact Replications (pretty rare) - correct answer ✔✔-An attempt to replicate precisely the
procedures of a study
-Ascertain whether the same results are obtained with replication
Conceptual Replications (done more frequently) - correct answer ✔✔-The use of different
procedures to replicate a research finding
, -The IV is manipulated in different ways than in the original study
-The DV can also be measured differently
Literature Review - correct answer ✔✔-Summarizes what has been found
-Tells the reader what findings are strongly/weakly supported
-Exposes inconsistent findings and areas lacking proper research
-Discusses future directions for research
-Map out the topic look at what's been done what needs to be done and further questions
Meta-analyses: - correct answer ✔✔-Method for determining the reliability of a finding by
examining the results from many different studies
-Researcher pools actual results from other studies, which are then analyzed statistically
USING RESEARCH TO IMPROVE LIVES - correct answer ✔✔-Goal of psychology is to promote
human welfare
-Impact of psychological research: health, law and criminal justice, education, work
environments
PROGRAM EVALUATION - correct answer ✔✔(1) Needs assessment- are there problems that
need to be addressed in a target position?
(2) Program theory assessment- how will the problems be addressed?
(3) Process evaluation- is the program addressing the needs appropriately?
(4) Outcome evaluation- are intended outcomes of the program being realized?
(5) Efficiency assessment- is the cost of the program worth the outcomes?
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS - correct answer ✔✔-Used when the control (e.g., random
assignment) of true experiments cannot be achieved
-Lower Internal validity than true experiments
