FRHD 1010 EXAM STUDY GUIDE | FAMILY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Puberty - ANS ✔✔the time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical
development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve
psychosocial maturity.
When does puberty start? - ANS ✔✔between 8-14
When does most physical growth and maturation end? - ANS ✔✔4 years after first signs appear
Some individuals add height, weight and muscle until age: - ANS ✔✔20
Girls + puberty - ANS ✔✔observable changes of puberty begin with nipple growth, then pubic
hair, then peak growth spirt, widening of hips, first menstrual period menarche - a girls first
mentrural period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but
ovulation and mensturation are often irregular for years after menarche, full pubic hair pattern,
and breast maturation.
Average age of menarche among normal weight girls - ANS ✔✔12 years, 8 months.
Boys + puberty - ANS ✔✔growth of testes, initial pubic hair, growth of penis, first ejaculation of
seminal fluid spermarche - a boys first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as
infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a "wet
dream") or via direct stimulation, facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of voice, final pubic
hair growth.
Typical age of spermarche - ANS ✔✔just under 13 years
Entire process of puberty begins with an invisible event: - ANS ✔✔a marked hormonal increase.
,Hormones - ANS ✔✔• an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and
conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function.
o Regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and many other
bodily reactions
Pituitary - ANS ✔✔a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by
producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands,
among them the adrenal and sex glands.
Adrenal glands - ANS ✔✔two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones
(including "stress hormones" epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine)
What stimulates adrenal glands? - ANS ✔✔Pituitary glands produce hormones that stimulate it
HPA axis - ANS ✔✔a sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus,
moves to the pituitary, and then ends in the gonads.
In adolescence, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the - ANS
✔✔hypothalamus, causing the pituitary to release gonadotropins (LH&FSH), which in turn
activate the gonads.
What enlarge and increase their production of sex hormones? - ANS ✔✔gonads
Estradiol - ANS ✔✔a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more
estradiol than males do
Estrogens - ANS ✔✔female hormones
,Testosterone - ANS ✔✔a sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones);
secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
Androgens - ANS ✔✔male hormones
When do psychological disorders in both sexes increase? - ANS ✔✔at adolescence, but males
are twice as likely as females to become schizophrenic, whereas females are twice as likely to
become depressed.
Primary sex characteristics - ANS ✔✔• the parts of the body that are directly involved in
reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
o During puberty, increase dramatically in size and matures in function
Secondary Sex characteristics - ANS ✔✔• physical traits that are not directly involved in
reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a mans beard and a womans breasts.
o Shape - males widen at shoulders and grow about 13 inches taller than females
o Females - develop breasts and a wider pelvis - neither is required for conception
Variation in puberty is due to: - ANS ✔✔2/3 genetics
Height in average girls is how far ahead of boys? - ANS ✔✔2 years
When does female height spurt occur? - ANS ✔✔before menarche
When does male growth spirt occur? - ANS ✔✔after spermarche
when it comes to hormonal and sexual changes how far ahead are girls? - ANS ✔✔only a few
months ahead
, What is a major influence of onset of puberty? - ANS ✔✔body fat
heavy girls reach menarche years earlier than malnourished ones
How much do most girls have to weigh before menarche? - ANS ✔✔45 kg
Secular trend - ANS ✔✔o more food has allowed biological advances.
What happens to each generation? - ANS ✔✔o Each generation experienced puberty a few
weeks earlier and grew a cm or so taller than the preceding one.
Leptin - ANS ✔✔o a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of
puberty. Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12.
♣ Affect appetite more in females than it does males
♣ U.S. boys who are heavy in childhood reach puberty later
Early maturing girls - ANS ✔✔have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image
than other girls do
o Sometimes early maturing girls have older boyfriends - which gains them status - but
increases risk of drug and alcohol use, eating disorders, relational bullying, and victims of
physical abuse
What can delayed puberty in girls be due to? - ANS ✔✔can be hereditary, due to malnutrition,
chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disoders, or illness.
AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Puberty - ANS ✔✔the time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical
development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve
psychosocial maturity.
When does puberty start? - ANS ✔✔between 8-14
When does most physical growth and maturation end? - ANS ✔✔4 years after first signs appear
Some individuals add height, weight and muscle until age: - ANS ✔✔20
Girls + puberty - ANS ✔✔observable changes of puberty begin with nipple growth, then pubic
hair, then peak growth spirt, widening of hips, first menstrual period menarche - a girls first
mentrural period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but
ovulation and mensturation are often irregular for years after menarche, full pubic hair pattern,
and breast maturation.
Average age of menarche among normal weight girls - ANS ✔✔12 years, 8 months.
Boys + puberty - ANS ✔✔growth of testes, initial pubic hair, growth of penis, first ejaculation of
seminal fluid spermarche - a boys first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as
infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep (in a "wet
dream") or via direct stimulation, facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of voice, final pubic
hair growth.
Typical age of spermarche - ANS ✔✔just under 13 years
Entire process of puberty begins with an invisible event: - ANS ✔✔a marked hormonal increase.
,Hormones - ANS ✔✔• an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and
conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function.
o Regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and many other
bodily reactions
Pituitary - ANS ✔✔a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by
producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands,
among them the adrenal and sex glands.
Adrenal glands - ANS ✔✔two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones
(including "stress hormones" epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine)
What stimulates adrenal glands? - ANS ✔✔Pituitary glands produce hormones that stimulate it
HPA axis - ANS ✔✔a sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus,
moves to the pituitary, and then ends in the gonads.
In adolescence, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by the - ANS
✔✔hypothalamus, causing the pituitary to release gonadotropins (LH&FSH), which in turn
activate the gonads.
What enlarge and increase their production of sex hormones? - ANS ✔✔gonads
Estradiol - ANS ✔✔a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more
estradiol than males do
Estrogens - ANS ✔✔female hormones
,Testosterone - ANS ✔✔a sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones);
secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females.
Androgens - ANS ✔✔male hormones
When do psychological disorders in both sexes increase? - ANS ✔✔at adolescence, but males
are twice as likely as females to become schizophrenic, whereas females are twice as likely to
become depressed.
Primary sex characteristics - ANS ✔✔• the parts of the body that are directly involved in
reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
o During puberty, increase dramatically in size and matures in function
Secondary Sex characteristics - ANS ✔✔• physical traits that are not directly involved in
reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a mans beard and a womans breasts.
o Shape - males widen at shoulders and grow about 13 inches taller than females
o Females - develop breasts and a wider pelvis - neither is required for conception
Variation in puberty is due to: - ANS ✔✔2/3 genetics
Height in average girls is how far ahead of boys? - ANS ✔✔2 years
When does female height spurt occur? - ANS ✔✔before menarche
When does male growth spirt occur? - ANS ✔✔after spermarche
when it comes to hormonal and sexual changes how far ahead are girls? - ANS ✔✔only a few
months ahead
, What is a major influence of onset of puberty? - ANS ✔✔body fat
heavy girls reach menarche years earlier than malnourished ones
How much do most girls have to weigh before menarche? - ANS ✔✔45 kg
Secular trend - ANS ✔✔o more food has allowed biological advances.
What happens to each generation? - ANS ✔✔o Each generation experienced puberty a few
weeks earlier and grew a cm or so taller than the preceding one.
Leptin - ANS ✔✔o a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of
puberty. Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12.
♣ Affect appetite more in females than it does males
♣ U.S. boys who are heavy in childhood reach puberty later
Early maturing girls - ANS ✔✔have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image
than other girls do
o Sometimes early maturing girls have older boyfriends - which gains them status - but
increases risk of drug and alcohol use, eating disorders, relational bullying, and victims of
physical abuse
What can delayed puberty in girls be due to? - ANS ✔✔can be hereditary, due to malnutrition,
chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disoders, or illness.
