APSC 4464 Test 3 Questions and Correct
Answers
welfare
physical, behavioral, and emotional state of an animal
what should an animal have to be said to have good welfare?
free of chronic stressors; environment that promotes positive affective state; expression of
natural behaviors
measures for assessing stress and welfare
endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, behavioral, indicators of good welfare/poor welfare
HPA axis
when there is a stressor present: hypothalamus-->CRH and vasopressin-->ACTH-->cortisol
how does stress levels affect learning?
increases after arousing events (learning) not just stressors; indicative of arousal
variables that can influence cortisol levels
exercise, cold-temp, diurnal fluctuations, individual differences
salivary cortisol
more invasive, useful for acute stressors; typical view that salivary cortisol levels reflect 30 min
prior
urinary cortisol
,relatively non invasive, reflection period longer than salivary (since last urination); has to be
corrected for dilution using creatinine
fecal cortisol
non invasive, less variability than saliva, longer reflection period than saliva; delay 10-12 hr
from change in blood cortisol level
hair/fur cortisol
relatively non invasive, less variability than saliva, useful for long-term assessment of stress; can
vary by fur color and pigmentation
agouti hairs
intermediate cortisol levels
black hairs
sequestered less cortisol than yellow hairs
shelter dog vs owned dogs cortisol levels
higher than dogs living in their homes; dogs boarding for the first time increased cortisol levels
3-fold; large variability between average levels across shelters
serotonin measures
new biomarker; diurnal fluctuations (dawn higher levels than at dusk); difference decreases
following regular social interaction sessions
cardiovascular measures for stress
, BP (near base of tail), HRV (decreased occurs during stressful events and increased HRV=better
welfare)
hormonal/neurotransmitter measures
B-endorphin (inc levels associated with analgesia, positive states), dopamine (increased
associated with pleasure); oxytocin (social bonding hormone measured when assessing social
interactions)
S-IgA
immune exclusion of pathogens; can reflect stress levels and immune functioning; collect from
feces or saliva
immune and stress
chronic stress decreases S-IgA; influenced by physical and psychological stress; can increase an
animals' chances of contracting disease and severity
immune function and behavior in shelter dogs
dogs that ranked higher in sociability seemed more prone to illness; more social and curious dogs
might contact more pathogens; shelter more stressful for social dogs?
activity monitors
can track activity, position, and temp; monitor for abnormalities or changes
assessing welfare studies
owned and shelter dogs activity patterns differ; shelter dogs showed more activity and less time
resting
Answers
welfare
physical, behavioral, and emotional state of an animal
what should an animal have to be said to have good welfare?
free of chronic stressors; environment that promotes positive affective state; expression of
natural behaviors
measures for assessing stress and welfare
endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, behavioral, indicators of good welfare/poor welfare
HPA axis
when there is a stressor present: hypothalamus-->CRH and vasopressin-->ACTH-->cortisol
how does stress levels affect learning?
increases after arousing events (learning) not just stressors; indicative of arousal
variables that can influence cortisol levels
exercise, cold-temp, diurnal fluctuations, individual differences
salivary cortisol
more invasive, useful for acute stressors; typical view that salivary cortisol levels reflect 30 min
prior
urinary cortisol
,relatively non invasive, reflection period longer than salivary (since last urination); has to be
corrected for dilution using creatinine
fecal cortisol
non invasive, less variability than saliva, longer reflection period than saliva; delay 10-12 hr
from change in blood cortisol level
hair/fur cortisol
relatively non invasive, less variability than saliva, useful for long-term assessment of stress; can
vary by fur color and pigmentation
agouti hairs
intermediate cortisol levels
black hairs
sequestered less cortisol than yellow hairs
shelter dog vs owned dogs cortisol levels
higher than dogs living in their homes; dogs boarding for the first time increased cortisol levels
3-fold; large variability between average levels across shelters
serotonin measures
new biomarker; diurnal fluctuations (dawn higher levels than at dusk); difference decreases
following regular social interaction sessions
cardiovascular measures for stress
, BP (near base of tail), HRV (decreased occurs during stressful events and increased HRV=better
welfare)
hormonal/neurotransmitter measures
B-endorphin (inc levels associated with analgesia, positive states), dopamine (increased
associated with pleasure); oxytocin (social bonding hormone measured when assessing social
interactions)
S-IgA
immune exclusion of pathogens; can reflect stress levels and immune functioning; collect from
feces or saliva
immune and stress
chronic stress decreases S-IgA; influenced by physical and psychological stress; can increase an
animals' chances of contracting disease and severity
immune function and behavior in shelter dogs
dogs that ranked higher in sociability seemed more prone to illness; more social and curious dogs
might contact more pathogens; shelter more stressful for social dogs?
activity monitors
can track activity, position, and temp; monitor for abnormalities or changes
assessing welfare studies
owned and shelter dogs activity patterns differ; shelter dogs showed more activity and less time
resting
