Unit I- Early Societies
• From 5000 BCE, settlements had begun to • It was situated between the Euphrates • Development of cities, growth of
develop in southern Mesopotamia. and Tigris rivers that is now part of the urban economies comprising of food
• The earliest known temple was a small Republic of Iraq. production, trade, manufactures and
shrine made of unbaked bricks. • Agriculture began between 1000 and 6000 BCE. services.
• Temples were the residence of various gods • In the North, lay the Steppe, East provided • City people ceased to be self-sufficient.
such as the Moon God of Ur, Inanna the routes of communication into the mountains of • Interaction with people of different
Goddess of Love and War, etc. present-day Iran, South was a desert. cities increased.
• The God was the focus of worship.
• Nuclear family was the norm, Writing and City • Mineral resources were few.
although a married son & his
Life • Ancient Mesopotamians could
family often resided with his
have traded their abundant
parents.
e textiles and agricultural produce
• Father was the head of the family. ltur
Cu for wood, copper, tin, silver, gold,
an
mi shell & various stones from Turkey
pota and Iran and across the gulf.
o
es •Ancient Mesopotamian canals and
M
n
Very few Mesopotamians channels served as the routes for
si
could read and write.
tie
transportation of goods between
i
Uses of Writing
C
large and small settlements.
The
• Mesopotamia valued city life in which
people from many communities and • It was used for maintaining • The first Mesopotamian tablets written around 3200 BCE,
cultures lived side-by-side. records, storing information contained picture-like signs & numbers.
and for sending messages afar. • Writing began when society needed to keep records of
transactions.
• By 2600 BCE or so, the letters became cuneiform and the
Mind Maps
language was Sumerian.
• Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian language continued
in use until the 1st century CE.
1
,
2
Unit-II Empires
• The Empire had a substantial economic • The whole period down to the main
infrastructure of harbours, mines, part of the 3rd century can be called
quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc. the 'Early Empire'.
• Wheat, wine and olive oil were traded • The Roman Empire was a mosaic of
and consumed in huge quantities and territories and cultures that were
came mainly from Spain, the Gallic chiefly bound together by a
provinces, North Africa, Egypt and Italy. common system of government.
• Many languages were spoken.
• The regime established by Augustus
was called the ‘Principate’.
• The Senate existed in Rome for centuries
• Next to the Emperor and the Senate, the
army was the other key institution of the
• Slavery was an institution imperial rule.
deeply rooted in the An Empire Across
ancient world both in the Three Continents
Mediterranean and in
the near East.
• Slaves were an investment
and upper classes were
often brutal on them.
Oswaal CBSE Sample Question Papers, History, Class-XI
• Adult sons did not live with their families.
• The leading social groups • Roman women enjoyed considerable legal
comprised of senators. rights in owning and managing property. • The third century brought the first
• Then came the respectable • Slaves were included in the family. major signs of internal strain.
section of the people, those • Wife enjoyed complete legal independence. • The rapid succession of emperors
attached to the great houses. • Rates of casual literacy varied greatly between in the third century was an
• The unkempt lower class different parts of the empire. obvious symptom of the strains
came next. • The cultural diversity was reflected in many faced by the empire in this period.
• The slaves were at the bottom ways and at many levels.
of the social hierarchy.
• From 5000 BCE, settlements had begun to • It was situated between the Euphrates • Development of cities, growth of
develop in southern Mesopotamia. and Tigris rivers that is now part of the urban economies comprising of food
• The earliest known temple was a small Republic of Iraq. production, trade, manufactures and
shrine made of unbaked bricks. • Agriculture began between 1000 and 6000 BCE. services.
• Temples were the residence of various gods • In the North, lay the Steppe, East provided • City people ceased to be self-sufficient.
such as the Moon God of Ur, Inanna the routes of communication into the mountains of • Interaction with people of different
Goddess of Love and War, etc. present-day Iran, South was a desert. cities increased.
• The God was the focus of worship.
• Nuclear family was the norm, Writing and City • Mineral resources were few.
although a married son & his
Life • Ancient Mesopotamians could
family often resided with his
have traded their abundant
parents.
e textiles and agricultural produce
• Father was the head of the family. ltur
Cu for wood, copper, tin, silver, gold,
an
mi shell & various stones from Turkey
pota and Iran and across the gulf.
o
es •Ancient Mesopotamian canals and
M
n
Very few Mesopotamians channels served as the routes for
si
could read and write.
tie
transportation of goods between
i
Uses of Writing
C
large and small settlements.
The
• Mesopotamia valued city life in which
people from many communities and • It was used for maintaining • The first Mesopotamian tablets written around 3200 BCE,
cultures lived side-by-side. records, storing information contained picture-like signs & numbers.
and for sending messages afar. • Writing began when society needed to keep records of
transactions.
• By 2600 BCE or so, the letters became cuneiform and the
Mind Maps
language was Sumerian.
• Cuneiform writing in the Akkadian language continued
in use until the 1st century CE.
1
,
2
Unit-II Empires
• The Empire had a substantial economic • The whole period down to the main
infrastructure of harbours, mines, part of the 3rd century can be called
quarries, brickyards, olive oil factories, etc. the 'Early Empire'.
• Wheat, wine and olive oil were traded • The Roman Empire was a mosaic of
and consumed in huge quantities and territories and cultures that were
came mainly from Spain, the Gallic chiefly bound together by a
provinces, North Africa, Egypt and Italy. common system of government.
• Many languages were spoken.
• The regime established by Augustus
was called the ‘Principate’.
• The Senate existed in Rome for centuries
• Next to the Emperor and the Senate, the
army was the other key institution of the
• Slavery was an institution imperial rule.
deeply rooted in the An Empire Across
ancient world both in the Three Continents
Mediterranean and in
the near East.
• Slaves were an investment
and upper classes were
often brutal on them.
Oswaal CBSE Sample Question Papers, History, Class-XI
• Adult sons did not live with their families.
• The leading social groups • Roman women enjoyed considerable legal
comprised of senators. rights in owning and managing property. • The third century brought the first
• Then came the respectable • Slaves were included in the family. major signs of internal strain.
section of the people, those • Wife enjoyed complete legal independence. • The rapid succession of emperors
attached to the great houses. • Rates of casual literacy varied greatly between in the third century was an
• The unkempt lower class different parts of the empire. obvious symptom of the strains
came next. • The cultural diversity was reflected in many faced by the empire in this period.
• The slaves were at the bottom ways and at many levels.
of the social hierarchy.
