BIO2430 Final exam Guide: Human Physiology and Anatomy (BIO 2430) | Latest 100% Updated Summer 2026 -A+ Guide.

anatomy-study observation chemical- cellular > tissue
-

of structure of the
body >
organ
-

,


physiology-study of function , observation & experimentation organismal < system
+




organ systems
integumentary-skin hair nails urinary-kidneys , ureters bladder , urethra
-
-


, , ,
↳ protection ↳ removes waste from blood , makes urine
, regulates temp

gets rid of waste -


endocrine normone glands (pituitary , thyroid , pancreas
-




↳
-

skeletal-bones, joints, cartilage
↳
regulates metabolism , growth , reproduction
support , structure, movement -

lymphatic lymph nodes , lymphatic vessels , spleen
-




↳ filters
muscular-skeletal smooth , cardiac lympha fights infection
-


,

↳ movement heat , pumps blood
,
-
nervous-brain , spinal cord , nerves
-cardiovascular-heart , vessels, blood ↳ control process info
,
↳ circulates O2 nutrient, hormones
,
-

reproductive-testes , penis , prostate
respiratory lungs , trachea , nasal ovaries , uterus , vagina
↳ enables reproduction
-
-




↳ take in O2 + releases CO2
-



digestive-mouth esophagus , ,
stomach

↳ breaksintestines,liver pancrease ,




nutrients

,sex cells -
devide + combine w/others , sperm + oocyte somatic-divide to make similar cells
Tissues
nucleus
↳ nuclear
envelope-membrane thclosing nucleus.


I
>
-

chromatin DNA &
protein-lined
to move

protein
pores allow material
in+ out



I nucleous-condensed
-




region where ribosomes made
peroxisome-metabolizes waste
rough fR-associated w/ribosomes
epithelial-continuous sheets connective
makes secretory- membrane proteins -

lateral , apical ,t basal
smooth tR-makes lipids
surface
cytoskeleton
↳ microtubules epithelium-numerous cell junction attach
-
form mitotic spindlea shape
↳ centrosome microtubule organizing center neighboring cells avascular , + cell division
functions surfacea glandular
- -




↳ intermediate many
filaments -
fibrous proteins

↳ that hold
organells in place
crofilament-fibrous proteins form
mi
simple squamous single layer of flat cell (tiles
-




endothelium (cardiovascular- lymphatic systems

↳
,

cellular cortex mesothelium (peritoneum , pleura , pericardium
function-filters , diffusion secretion
plasma membrane-selective permeable ,



barrier location lungs kidneys , eardrums
-


,



food waste ciliated simple columnar
lysosome-digests a
simple cubiodial-single layer function-moving mucharticles




I
golgi apparatus modifies proteins
-




location-
fills cells , protect
centrally located in nucleus respiratory tract,
cytoplasm-jelly-fluid ,
function secretion& absorption uterine , uterus sinuses, ,

&
organizes organelles + location - ovary , eye , Kidney spinal cord , brain
structures thyroid, pancreas stratified squamous
mitochondria-produce energy nonciliated simple columar function protection
-




vacuole-stores water function-secretion- absorption location-skin mouth esophagus , ,


location
gastrointestine tract
-

epiglottis pharynx , Vagina,


glands , gallbladder stratified cuboidal function protection e -


Secrete
location sweat esophageal glands , male urethra
-
+


stratified columnar function protection & secretion
-




location urethra , esophagal glands , anus
-

, eye
transitional function stretch , protection
-




location- bladder , ureters+ urethra

,glandular-specialized epithelial cells , glands that secreate into ducts on surface,
form , or into blood
endocrine glands location -

pituitary pineal thyroid/parathyroid adrenal pancreas
, , , , ,
ovaries/testes
↓ thymus function -
hormone regulation
exocrine glands location Sweat oil ,tearwar glands salivary glands, & pancreas function make subs ↓ temp
- -

, ,




connective tissue
funct connective tissue
mesenchyme loc-embryo form other
-




mucous/mucoid loc-umbilical cord funct support
elasticity
-




aerolar loc-packing material;, almost everywhere funct strength , support -




adipose loc-w/areolar funct 1 heat loss support
-

a protects ,


reticular loc-liver spleen lymph nodes , red bone marrow , vessels+ muscles
, ,


funct-forms organ strome , binds smooth muscle , filtration

denseregularltendonigamentsfuncttensiona bone cartilage joints , ,

funct-pulling strength
clastic loc-lung arteries , trachea vocal
,
, cords , penis , vertebrae
funct-stretching of organs
hyaline loc-bone , rib nose , laryuy , trachea funct support , movement -
,



fibrocartilage 10C-pubic symphysis , intervetebral dises, menisci of knee

funct-supporto joining structures
elastic cartilage loc-epiglottis anricle eustachian funct strength + shape
, ,
-




bone loc-compact + spongy bone funct support ,protection, + storage
-




blood loc-vessels + heart chambers funct transportation -




membranes ~
epithelial (mucous , serons , cutaneous) + synovial muscular tissue
loc-to bones by tendons
funct-motion ,protection , heat
cardiac loc-heart funct-pump blood
smooth loc-eye , vessels , airways
stomach ,intestines

gallbladder ,bladder uterns
,


funct-motion
nervous loc-nervous system
funct-action potential

, blastocyst
-
embryo blast
(inner cell mass)
-
outer covering
of cells (trophoblast


2nd week
-
outer syncytiotrophoblast
- inner
cytotrophoblast
-
bilamilar -




embryonic disc
-
amniotic cavity + fluid
-
Yolk sac
↳ uutrition -
gas
exchange
- lucunar networks
-
sinusoids
-

extraembryonic
collom mesoderm
+

- chorin > placenta
-


-

gonadotropin (nCG)
-
chorionic cavity
connect stalk
-




implantation