Psych 357 Exam 1 || with Errorless Answers.
Plasticity correct answers Development is plastic at all ages
Aging is not an eventual "shipwreck"
Development becomes gradually less plastic
the brain's capacity to achieve lasting structural changes in response to environmental demands
that are not fully met by the organism's current functional capacity
cohorts correct answers People born around the same time (ex. Cell phone babies or great
depression era)
cohort effects correct answers Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a
particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to
people developing at other times.
age graded influences correct answers Events that are strongly related to age and therefore
predictable in when they occur and how long they last (ex. Starting school at 6 and driving at 16)
history graded influences correct answers Explain why people born around the same time - called
a "cohort" tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
operant conditioning correct answers a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classial conditioning correct answers a form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus or CS,
comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus or US. (Pavlov's
training of dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.)
,baby albert -- loud scary noise every time he pet the furry animal, he became afraid of all furry
animals
Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky) correct answers the approach that emphasizes how cognitive
development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
focuses on how culture (values/beliefs/customs/skills of a social group) is transmitted to the next
generation. Dialogue with more knowledgeable members of society is important for children to
acquire ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
vygotsky correct answers zone of proximal development/sociocultural theory
Adults and more experted peers help children master culturally meaningful activities
Children undergo stagewise changes (acquiring language → participate in dialogue)
**social transmission of knowledge over biological
ecological systems theory correct answers views the person as developing within a complex
system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
microsystem correct answers the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
All relationships are bidirectional (adults affect children's behavior but also children affect adults
behavior)
mesosystem correct answers relations between microsystems
, (a child's academic success depends on parent involvement in school life)
(how well someone functions as a spouse is affected by relationships at work)
exosystem correct answers social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still
influence development
(extended family, workplace, friends and neighbors, community health areas)
macrosystem correct answers consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
(more successful if countries have high standards for child care and retirement)
chronosystem correct answers life changes can be imposed externally or can arise from within
the person, since individuals shape many of their own settings and experiences.
**people are both products and producers of their environment: the person and the environment
form a network of interq effects
General research designs for human behavior correct answers correlation and experimental
correlation design correct answers researchers gather info on individuals, generally in natural life
circumstances, without changing experiences
Looks at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior/development
Correlation coefficient: a number that describes how two measures or variables are associated
with each other.
Plasticity correct answers Development is plastic at all ages
Aging is not an eventual "shipwreck"
Development becomes gradually less plastic
the brain's capacity to achieve lasting structural changes in response to environmental demands
that are not fully met by the organism's current functional capacity
cohorts correct answers People born around the same time (ex. Cell phone babies or great
depression era)
cohort effects correct answers Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a
particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to
people developing at other times.
age graded influences correct answers Events that are strongly related to age and therefore
predictable in when they occur and how long they last (ex. Starting school at 6 and driving at 16)
history graded influences correct answers Explain why people born around the same time - called
a "cohort" tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times
operant conditioning correct answers a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
classial conditioning correct answers a form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus or CS,
comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus or US. (Pavlov's
training of dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.)
,baby albert -- loud scary noise every time he pet the furry animal, he became afraid of all furry
animals
Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky) correct answers the approach that emphasizes how cognitive
development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
focuses on how culture (values/beliefs/customs/skills of a social group) is transmitted to the next
generation. Dialogue with more knowledgeable members of society is important for children to
acquire ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture.
vygotsky correct answers zone of proximal development/sociocultural theory
Adults and more experted peers help children master culturally meaningful activities
Children undergo stagewise changes (acquiring language → participate in dialogue)
**social transmission of knowledge over biological
ecological systems theory correct answers views the person as developing within a complex
system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
microsystem correct answers the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment
All relationships are bidirectional (adults affect children's behavior but also children affect adults
behavior)
mesosystem correct answers relations between microsystems
, (a child's academic success depends on parent involvement in school life)
(how well someone functions as a spouse is affected by relationships at work)
exosystem correct answers social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still
influence development
(extended family, workplace, friends and neighbors, community health areas)
macrosystem correct answers consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources
(more successful if countries have high standards for child care and retirement)
chronosystem correct answers life changes can be imposed externally or can arise from within
the person, since individuals shape many of their own settings and experiences.
**people are both products and producers of their environment: the person and the environment
form a network of interq effects
General research designs for human behavior correct answers correlation and experimental
correlation design correct answers researchers gather info on individuals, generally in natural life
circumstances, without changing experiences
Looks at relationships between participants characteristics and behavior/development
Correlation coefficient: a number that describes how two measures or variables are associated
with each other.
