NSG 533 Advanced Pharmacology
Exam 1 Complete Study Questions
with Verified Answers
1. 5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER 1. Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Outcomes
2. other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER idiopathic and
cryptogenic
3. define iatrogenic - ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
4. define free radicals - ANSWER unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
5. why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER they bind to the phospholipid bilayer
of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
6. what are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
,7. why are antioxidants important - ANSWER protect cells from free radicals
and ROS
8. are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER
decreased :(
9. what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER
1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
10.define oxidative stress - ANSWER Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
11.two endogenous accumulations - ANSWER 1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
12.define reperfusion injury - ANSWER when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
13.proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) - ANSWER 1. oxidative stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
,14.explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury - ANSWER
reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages
membrane proteins and phospholipids
15.what four ROS are generated in oxidative stress? - ANSWER 1. Hydroxyl
radical
2. superoxide radical ion
3. nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite
4. hydrogen peroxide
16.define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER the new number of cases in a
given population in a specific time period
17.define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
18.what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER
1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
19.what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER ATP deletion
20.what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER 1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
, 21.how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER 2
22.How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER 36
23.in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production
may be impaired? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxia
24.ischemia - ANSWER reduced blood flow
25.Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump
fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
26.explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased
ATP production - ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the
cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
27.when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium,
and potassium freely exits the cell as a result, the cell swells and and protein
synthesis stops
28.where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
29.explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production - ANSWER glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Exam 1 Complete Study Questions
with Verified Answers
1. 5 essential components of pathophysiology - ANSWER 1. Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Outcomes
2. other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - ANSWER idiopathic and
cryptogenic
3. define iatrogenic - ANSWER etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
4. define free radicals - ANSWER unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
5. why are free radicals bad? - ANSWER they bind to the phospholipid bilayer
of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
6. what are reactive oxygen species? - ANSWER highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
,7. why are antioxidants important - ANSWER protect cells from free radicals
and ROS
8. are antioxidants increased or decreased in oxidative stress - ANSWER
decreased :(
9. what are three diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals? - ANSWER
1. Atherosclerosis
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
10.define oxidative stress - ANSWER Injury induced by free-radicals and ROS
11.two endogenous accumulations - ANSWER 1. Lipids
2. Bilirubin
12.define reperfusion injury - ANSWER when blood flow is restored to
ischemic tissues, additional damage can occur resulting in cell death
13.proposed reasons for reperfusion injury (5) - ANSWER 1. oxidative stress
2. nitrogen-based free radicals
3. increased intracellular calcium
4. inflammation
5. complement activation
,14.explain oxidative stress as it relates to reperfusion injury - ANSWER
reoxygenation generates ROS and nitrogen species, which damages
membrane proteins and phospholipids
15.what four ROS are generated in oxidative stress? - ANSWER 1. Hydroxyl
radical
2. superoxide radical ion
3. nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite
4. hydrogen peroxide
16.define incidence of epidemiology - ANSWER the new number of cases in a
given population in a specific time period
17.define prevalence of epidemiology - ANSWER number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
18.what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - ANSWER
1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
19.what is the most common stressor of disease - ANSWER ATP deletion
20.what are the two phases of ATP production? - ANSWER 1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
, 21.how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - ANSWER 2
22.How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - ANSWER 36
23.in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production
may be impaired? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxia
24.ischemia - ANSWER reduced blood flow
25.Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - ANSWER obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump
fails, and b) increased anaerobic glycolysis
26.explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased
ATP production - ANSWER normally, most sodium ions are outside the
cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
27.when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium,
and potassium freely exits the cell as a result, the cell swells and and protein
synthesis stops
28.where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - ANSWER Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
29.explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to
decreased ATP production - ANSWER glycogen is decreased, lactate is
increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
