PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2026
What is allergic asthma associated with? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE
mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - CORRECT ANSWERS -SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis
(aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance,
Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Pressure that builds up and
pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and
pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - CORRECT ANSWERS -Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction,
Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - CORRECT ANSWERS -1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis -
high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Elevation (increase)
of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
, Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Depression
(decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Depression
(decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Elevation (increase)
of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - CORRECT ANSWERS -No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Dialysis, Fluid Restriction,
Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give
Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Nephralgia
What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Hypovolemia - Give
Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal
Ischemia
ANSWERS 2026
What is allergic asthma associated with? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE
mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - CORRECT ANSWERS -SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis
(aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance,
Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Pressure that builds up and
pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and
pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - CORRECT ANSWERS -Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction,
Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - CORRECT ANSWERS -1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis -
high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Elevation (increase)
of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
, Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Depression
(decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Depression
(decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Elevation (increase)
of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - CORRECT ANSWERS -No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Dialysis, Fluid Restriction,
Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give
Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Nephralgia
What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS -E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Hypovolemia - Give
Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal
Ischemia
