Ch. 8 & Ch. 9 Lifespan Review Exam 2 Study Guide 2026 | Complete Review, Practice
Questions & Exam Prep
factors that put infants at nutritional risk and how nutritional assessment and interventions
address these risks. - ANS ✔✔*Infants who have special health care needs or developmental
delay.
*. Infants affected by abnormal development in utero. E.g. infants with cardiac malformations,
exposure to drugs or alcohol, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.
* Congenital anomalies or chronic illness (clefpt lip palate, heart malformations)
Infants at risk for chronic health problems may come from the treatment needed to save their
lives, or from the home environment. Some examples of conditions that increase nutritional risk
are seizures, cystic fibrosis, & fetal alcohol syndrome. Long-term consequences, such as
learning, attention, & behavioral problems, may not be known for yrs.
* ELBW- extremely low birth weight: less than 1000g (2.2 pounsd)
* small for gestational age: intrauterine growth retardation
*large for gestational age- greater than 4000 g (8.8 pounds)
*Very low birth weight (VLBW): less than 1500g (3.3 pounds)
* low birth weight: less than 5.5 pounds
Nutritional Assesment and Interventions for high risk infants - ANS ✔✔Infants who have special
health care needs or developmental delay.
1.1.1.1. Infants affected by abnormal development in utero. E.g. infants with cardiac
malformations, exposure to drugs or alcohol, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.
Preterm Infants energy and nutrition needs - ANS ✔✔*** Energy needs
,-Intakes for recovering premature infants may be higher, and the range of energy needs can be
wide.
- Infants who are born before 34 weeks of gestation have higher energy needs than late preterm
and term infants.
- The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that premature infants need 105-130 cal/kg,
-. The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends an energy intake range
of 110-135 cal/kg.
**Nutrition
Protein:
- Higher protein intakes are recommended for preterm infants; for micro preterm infants born
before 30 weeks gestation, this recommendation may be as high as 4.5 grams per kilogram body
weight.
- Protein requirements are also higher in infants needing to achieve catch-up growth. Catch-up
growth is the accelerated growth of a premature or small infant, or malnourished infant or child
that occurs during the first two years of life (slides state "occurs during the 1-3 years).
Fats:
-Fats are more difficult for preterm infants to digest and absorb related to a reduced secretion
of pancreatic and liver enzymes.
Medium-chain triglycerides do not require bile for absorption and are a routine source of fat in
preterm infant formula.
*Need EFA + DHA + AA from breast milk, formula or Human Milk fortifier.
Vitamins and Minerals:
*The American Academy of Pediatrics has addressed the higher iron needs of *preterm infants
and recommends iron supplementation for *preterm infants on breast milk feedings. *Preterm
infants who are formula fed may need earlier initiation of iron supplementation, and at a higher
dose than full-term infants.
, * Human milk fortifiers are used in neonatal care units to increase the content of specific
nutrients and energy content of breast milk, and to meet the high nutritional needs of preterm
infants. The key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is protein (an in
Special health care needs Infants: - ANS ✔✔** Energy
-The revised Daily Reference Intake (DRI) for energy—the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
—maybe more accurate in predicting the energy needs of infants and children with special
health care needs.
- There are three EER age group categories in infancy: 0-3 months; 4-6 months; and 7-12
months.
2.2.1.3. For infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate, or phenylketonuria (PKU), use of the DRI for
energy will be appropriate.
2.2.1.4. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes above the EER for
age.
2.2.1.5. Infants with reduced activity and energy expenditure, lower basal energy needs, or
slower rates of growth generally need fewer calories than their peers. These infants include
those with Down syndrome and spina bifida.
**Nutrition
-Protein:
2.2.2.1.1. Protein requirements of infants with special health care needs may be the same as,
less than, or greater than those of other infants. In the first 6 months of life, the DRI for protein
is 1.52 grams per kg body weight. It declines to 1.2 g/kg from 7 to 12 months of age. Protein
recommendations are sufficient if total calories are high enough to meet energy needs.
2.2.2.1.2. Some inborn errors of metabolism such as phenylketonuria (PKU) can affect protein
metabolism; treatment may require a restriction or reduction in dietary protein or in certain
amino acids, such as phenylalanine.
2.2.2.1.3. Many illnesses interfere with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and
digestion, even for term infants born with intact enzymes for protein digestion. Protein and fat
digestion depend on liver and pancreatic enzymes for intestinal absorption.
2.2.2.1.4. Sick infants may require partially or extensively hydrolyzed protein or amino acid-
based formulas.
Questions & Exam Prep
factors that put infants at nutritional risk and how nutritional assessment and interventions
address these risks. - ANS ✔✔*Infants who have special health care needs or developmental
delay.
*. Infants affected by abnormal development in utero. E.g. infants with cardiac malformations,
exposure to drugs or alcohol, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.
* Congenital anomalies or chronic illness (clefpt lip palate, heart malformations)
Infants at risk for chronic health problems may come from the treatment needed to save their
lives, or from the home environment. Some examples of conditions that increase nutritional risk
are seizures, cystic fibrosis, & fetal alcohol syndrome. Long-term consequences, such as
learning, attention, & behavioral problems, may not be known for yrs.
* ELBW- extremely low birth weight: less than 1000g (2.2 pounsd)
* small for gestational age: intrauterine growth retardation
*large for gestational age- greater than 4000 g (8.8 pounds)
*Very low birth weight (VLBW): less than 1500g (3.3 pounds)
* low birth weight: less than 5.5 pounds
Nutritional Assesment and Interventions for high risk infants - ANS ✔✔Infants who have special
health care needs or developmental delay.
1.1.1.1. Infants affected by abnormal development in utero. E.g. infants with cardiac
malformations, exposure to drugs or alcohol, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome.
Preterm Infants energy and nutrition needs - ANS ✔✔*** Energy needs
,-Intakes for recovering premature infants may be higher, and the range of energy needs can be
wide.
- Infants who are born before 34 weeks of gestation have higher energy needs than late preterm
and term infants.
- The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that premature infants need 105-130 cal/kg,
-. The European Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition recommends an energy intake range
of 110-135 cal/kg.
**Nutrition
Protein:
- Higher protein intakes are recommended for preterm infants; for micro preterm infants born
before 30 weeks gestation, this recommendation may be as high as 4.5 grams per kilogram body
weight.
- Protein requirements are also higher in infants needing to achieve catch-up growth. Catch-up
growth is the accelerated growth of a premature or small infant, or malnourished infant or child
that occurs during the first two years of life (slides state "occurs during the 1-3 years).
Fats:
-Fats are more difficult for preterm infants to digest and absorb related to a reduced secretion
of pancreatic and liver enzymes.
Medium-chain triglycerides do not require bile for absorption and are a routine source of fat in
preterm infant formula.
*Need EFA + DHA + AA from breast milk, formula or Human Milk fortifier.
Vitamins and Minerals:
*The American Academy of Pediatrics has addressed the higher iron needs of *preterm infants
and recommends iron supplementation for *preterm infants on breast milk feedings. *Preterm
infants who are formula fed may need earlier initiation of iron supplementation, and at a higher
dose than full-term infants.
, * Human milk fortifiers are used in neonatal care units to increase the content of specific
nutrients and energy content of breast milk, and to meet the high nutritional needs of preterm
infants. The key nutrient in human milk fortifiers is protein (an in
Special health care needs Infants: - ANS ✔✔** Energy
-The revised Daily Reference Intake (DRI) for energy—the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
—maybe more accurate in predicting the energy needs of infants and children with special
health care needs.
- There are three EER age group categories in infancy: 0-3 months; 4-6 months; and 7-12
months.
2.2.1.3. For infants with cleft lip and/or cleft palate, or phenylketonuria (PKU), use of the DRI for
energy will be appropriate.
2.2.1.4. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes above the EER for
age.
2.2.1.5. Infants with reduced activity and energy expenditure, lower basal energy needs, or
slower rates of growth generally need fewer calories than their peers. These infants include
those with Down syndrome and spina bifida.
**Nutrition
-Protein:
2.2.2.1.1. Protein requirements of infants with special health care needs may be the same as,
less than, or greater than those of other infants. In the first 6 months of life, the DRI for protein
is 1.52 grams per kg body weight. It declines to 1.2 g/kg from 7 to 12 months of age. Protein
recommendations are sufficient if total calories are high enough to meet energy needs.
2.2.2.1.2. Some inborn errors of metabolism such as phenylketonuria (PKU) can affect protein
metabolism; treatment may require a restriction or reduction in dietary protein or in certain
amino acids, such as phenylalanine.
2.2.2.1.3. Many illnesses interfere with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and
digestion, even for term infants born with intact enzymes for protein digestion. Protein and fat
digestion depend on liver and pancreatic enzymes for intestinal absorption.
2.2.2.1.4. Sick infants may require partially or extensively hydrolyzed protein or amino acid-
based formulas.
