Depth
,RADICALS Economic discontent Political grievance + old corruption Impact of radical leade
TWE was 1 Agrarian → industrial society in 1780 - 1800 1 Old Corruption - borough evidence 1 Corresponding Soc
poverty / - Factory Age, industrial output increased by 15x in - Rotten boroughs in Northern & Midlands - Old - Sheffield CS
economic 1801 Dunwich (2MPs, fallen into the sea, costal erosion) - 1792 - over
conditions - Rapid urbanisation - economic migration to - 1831 - 3% of the population could vote / new with 10k sig
the cause of industrial towns to be employed at new factories towns had no MP - Manchester, Leeds - Informed ab
popular like Manchester - MPs had no salary, elections needed £20k to run them
radicalism - Growing gulf between wealthy factory owners & - 1815 - 31 - over 2/3rds of constituencies were - 1792 - Lond
1780 - 1820? vulnerable workers (severe distress) uncontested - Weekly mee
- Agricultural workers - threatened by machinery - Cooping & treating - corrupt practices facing worki
Causation Difficulty earning a liveable wage, seized overnight Reflected medieval / tudor constituencies, born out of manage & a
augmenting fertile grounds for discontent & giving rise to necessity - the industrial elite had the means & will. - 1st National
economic migration. Foreign trade fluctuations - resorting to 2 Lord Liverpool - laissez-faire economics 1812 - 27 Mobilised & connected
violence out of desperation, divide & inequality. - Corn Laws 1815 = protectionist, banning foreign 2 Cobbett - radical lit
2 Post-Napoleonic wars (1815) economic hardship imports of cheap corn till British corn = 80s per - 1802 - Politi
- Sudden demobilisation of 300k soldiers + sailors & quarter - 1802 - Stam
a labour surplus in 1815, cost of living crisis 16-17 - Income tax was abolished / wartime taxes were - 1816 = 2 pe
- Bad harvests 16-17 exacerbated hunger, demand maintained = reinforced the gulf in affluence - Tapped into
for military & armaments sharply declined post-war - Workers = no political voice & disproportionately cottage in S
= inconsistent employment impacted on poorer families - 1817 = mos
- Wages hit in Lancashire’s textile regions Class legislation & the self-interest of those in power. w-classes /
- Luddies - workers attacking machinery Designed to benefit wealthy landowners. OA: Discontent Popular circulation, ac
Unable to sustain basic living standards, political inequality & exacerbated by political mismanagement - reform was Monopolised on hunge
w-class neglect OA: Root cause of the shift to the radical vital (people drew the line between conditions & policy) monopolised on the
movement, uniting workers behind a common cause. movement - strong d
Desperation & unable to afford basic necessities. w-class.
HFDYA 1790 Power of the state (AGREE) Radical leadership + popular support (DISAGREE) Divisions + short-term
- 1819, 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror 1790s 1 Hampden Clubs - 1811 onwards 1 Economic revival +
British - May 1794 - July 95 - Suspension of habeas corpus - Radical society, underground campaign (universal - Economic d
radicalism / Royal proclamation against seditious writings = male suffrage / annual parliaments / secret ballot) - Overseas tr
failed to authorised use of spies / censorship / infiltration of - 1812 - 15 - Cartwright toured a national network of - Bouts of une
achieve its radical groups luddites in Northern Counties cities turned
objectives - 1802 - Stamp duty, Seditious Meetings A 1875 - 1817 = 40 clubs in Lancashire hardship (M
because the - 1810 - Cobbett & other radicals tried - Subscription of 1d per week - Textile indus
power of the convicted for sedition / 2yrs in Newgate prison - 1816 - 17 = Petitioning campaign for reform / Lancashire
state was too Top-down hampering of mobilisation efforts - prevented the ending the corn laws / fairer taxation Radical overreliance o
strong? growth of grassroots members. Increased paranoia & an United radicals, clear organisational, centralised structure to the support base. M-c
implicit fear if found. Silenced & drove underground. voice concerns- cementing interest & mobilising efforts. 2 Division - aims + u
Causation 2 Cobbett - radical literature (Political Reg & 2 penny) - M-class unit
2 The Six Acts 1819 (Response to St P) - 1802 - Political register , 4k circulation per week Peteloo (me
/ radical - Yeomanry Cavalry at Peterloo (11 killed / over 500 - 1802 - Stamp duty on all newspapers uniting behi
reformers injured, sharpened sabres) - 1816 = 2 penny trash (2-page condensed, 2d) - Jeremy Ben
failed 1790 - - Six Acts 1819 - Paranoid legal crackdown on the - Tapped into w-class discontent, read in every opinion = m
1819? freedoms of the public & press cottage in South Lancashire & the East Midlands - Spence + th
- 50 + meetings = permission from a sheriff / - 1817 = most widely read newspaper among the of power (lim
/posed no magistrate w-classes / 200k copies sold in 2 months Meeting riot
serious - Toughened laws against seditious material Connected people over their economic grievances, - 1817 = Ham
threat to the Legislative repression - explicit & implicit threat drove the politicising working class people. Old Corruption pinpointed work collabo
government, radicals underground. OA: Divisions made them vulnerable as the source, uniting disparate groups of m / w-class Actions of the Spence
1790-1819? to exploitation - regression alienated & divided public radicals behind a common goal. OA: Subdued division, justify repressive mea
opinion. Turning point - decline. exploited by 1819 = end. fragmented their caus
status, only protestin
HFDYA - the Lack of widespread popular support Power of the state + repression Economic conditions
lack of 1 M-class hostility to popular radicalism 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror - 1790s 1 Post - 1820 econom
popular - Property owning classes feared the potential - May 1794 - July 95 - Suspension of habeas corpus - 1816 - 17 =
support was threats to order, Spencean violence = allied behind / Royal proclamation against seditious writings = CONTRAST
the main law & order in defence of the status quo authorised use of spies / censorship / infiltration of - Overseas tr
reason for - Peterloo 1819 - M-class merchants / shopkeepers radical groups into industri
the failure of / publishers - yeomanry cavalry - 1802 - Stamp duty, Seditious Meetings A 1875 - No econom
radical - Did not resonate with economic grievance - 1810 - Cobbett & other radicals tried - Causes of d
reforms to Sway of public opinion against harsh govt action convicted for sedition / 2yrs in Newgate prison monopolise
achieve Silenced the radical press, top-down repression was Lack of urgency / caus
parliamentar 2 Divisions over use of aims + tactics effective in driving the radicals & their leaders underground. fundamentally driven b
y reform, - Cobbett = impossible to work with, failing to worth Censorship slowed pace of transmission = implicit threat = Relative stability = no
1780 - 1819? unless the movement was ‘subdued to his unleashed. position.
influence’ VS Francis Place + Jeremy Bentham =
Causation peaceful methods (householder suffrage) 2 Pentridge + Peterloo massacre () 2 Inconsistent econo
- Cobbett + Cartwright = universal suffrage - Committee of Secrecy 1817 - spy Oliver convinced - Textile indus
- Death of Spence (1816) = Spencean Society = workers in Derbyshire to march to Nottingham = - Large new c
armed seizure of power (failure of the Spa Fields arrested, leaders hanged → workers t
meeting - looting, minority who were violent) - Peterloo = 100k men / women / children → over unions in tim
- 1817 = Hampden Club Convention = attempt to 500 injured, troops deployed - Bouts of une
unite the smaller groups = FAILED & exposed - Six Acts 1819 - paranoid legal crackdown on - Framework
divisions freedoms of press + public - Handloom w
Personal antagonisms fragmented the movement into - Hunt & other radicals imprisoned for 3yrs Radicals exploited per
disparate factions - with no universal aim. Deep divisions, Watershed - working people had been harshly repressed by symbols of hardship d
fundamental.OA: M-class content being homeowners, the govt, moral high groud in the pres yet a culture of be effective. OA: Inco
turning on the workers & clamping down on agitation to paranoia & tension had been created.OA: Tailored failed to resonate wit
, preserve their status, only requesting moderate reforms. measures infiltrated & exploited, lack of trust. decisive end.
HFDYA that Divisions - INeffective Power of the state + govt repression - INeffective Popular support + the
‘the 1 Spa Fields spenceans - Nov 1816 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror & loyalists 1 Corresponding soc
leadership - East End of London, Spa Fields - Loyalist association ‘Crown & Anchor’ - 1791 = Righ
of early - Hunt = spoke of his view that a moral force could - 1793 = over 2k local branches, attacked printers of controversy
British unite the mass platform radical works, disrupted meetings connecting
radicals was - 2nd meeting - 2nd Dec = over 10k, speech - 1793 = Royal Proclamation Against Seditious corruption
INeffective? - MINORITY of the crowd = broke into gun shops / Writings / Authorised the use of spies / censorship - Dec 1791 =
seized weapons / marched on the Tower of / infiltration of radical groups members / 9
Significance London = hours of looting & rioting - 1793 = 31 radicals charged with high treason / petition (fail
- Prince Reagant’s carriage attacked by rioters / vs Habeas C suspension 1794 - 95 / Stamp Duty - 1792 = Nati
majority of the crowd = peaceful 1802 Spread democratic ide
Undermined the peaceful majority - justification given by Top-down prevention of the spread of radical ideas further, unlimited’ - laying the
physical force to devise hardline legislation. revived the patriotic spirit = dangerous radicals = implicitly wave of French Revol
threatening Britons.
2 M-class hostility to popular radicalism 2 Cobbett - radical lit
- Property owning classes feared the potential 2 The Pentridge Rising 1817 - 1802 - Politi
threats to order, did not resonate - hunger politics - Committee of Secrecy (Lord Liverpool) - 1802 - Stam
- St Peter’s Fields Meeting 1819 = M-class - Oliver - govt agent provocateur - 1816 = 2 pe
merchants / shopkeepers / publishers formed the - Infiltrated a group of discontented workers in - Tapped into
yeomanry cavalry at Peterloo Derbyshire = persuaded to march to Nottingham, cottage in S
- United behind Lord Liverpool in preservation of the joining a nationwide rebellion - 1817 = mos
status quo - 200 armed workers set off = troops, swift arrested / w-classes /
Sway of public opinion against harsh govt action 30 = Australia sentence Connected people ove
OA: Intra-movement fragmentation, without the - Leaders wer hanged & beheaded in public politicised men, wome
application of govt pressure unfolded naturally - Culture of paranoia, fear of authorities = simmering tensions. to the true cause of su
classism divided the movement (l-t decline) OA: Govt were well-informed. discontent. OA: Tappe
masses in their griev
CHARTISM Economic grievances Political grievance / dissatisfaction w/ the G-R Act 32 Umbrella movement -
1 Trade depression 1 Great Reform Act 1832 1 Factory Act 1833 d
TWE do - 1837 - 42 = Severe trade depression - Days of May - petitions sent to parliament - 10hr movem
economic Rising unemployment in industrial & rural areas - Riots in Nottingham / Bristol / Derby / England = - Short time c
grievances (steel / coal / wool / textiles) Attwood + BPU = aimed to trigger financial & Yorkshire
explain the - Rising food prices & stagnant wages collapse by urging people to take money out of the legislation
origins of - J.Stephens = knife + fork, bread + cheese = 1838 / banks - FA = preven
the Chartist form of hunger politics - 5.8% of the adult population could vote limit for age
movement - Suppression of the GNTU 34 - robbed of - 56 boroughs disenfranchised - 8:30pm
1832-1838? leadership - Householder £10 + yearly rent or more - IGNORED b
Organic extension of collective bargaining - if workers W-class betrayal, exclusion from the vote, no secret ballot = Legacy of leadership,
PRODUCED the wealth, they should have admission to the NO DIFFERENCE. Symbolic of resentment & discontent. W-class understanding
political system. in the rights of the wor
2 Old Corruption + issues
2 GNCTU split + political link - 1836 - 38 = Demands for reform consolidated into 2 The New Poor Law
- Grand national Consolidated Trades Union a charter, under 3 reform movements (GNU / - Whig appea
(GNCTU) split in 1834 / over 500k members after LWMA / BPU) - Cut cost of p
a series of strikes for better pay & working - Great Northern Union = w-class relief (only w
conditions - LWMA 1836 = Lovett, w-class // Series of A
- Glasgow ‘Spinners’ Union Weavers Strike 1837 = - BPU 1829 = Attwood, w-class - Toured the c
18 leaders sentenced - Problems - no secret ballot / no annual parliament clubs / 1837
- 1838 = 1st draft of the people’s charter / payment of MPs / universal manhood suffrage vocalising P
Realisation that quality of life would not improve unless they - Sense of betrayal fortified radical leaders - 1839 = 14 /
took a stand - basic needs = not met. Unions united in Failure of the Whigs alienated the w-class from politics, chartism co
frustration = day to day existence governed by econ. OA: betrayal of the landed elite. Politics = problem + solution. leaders
Reform ideas resonated with disheartened workers - OA: Piecemeal acts cemented beliefs & galvanised the Tailored to rob the poo
grassroots support, VITAL to voice hardship. radicals to unite. gained a taste of radic
parliament & enforce c
forming a national mov
HF does the Economic revival Divisions (leadership + ideology) Power of the state
power of the 1 Economic revival + union growth 1 Lovett v O’Connor - national convention 1 Professional forces
state explain - 1842 = String of good harvests / trade revival / - People’s Charter - 1838 = over 1.3m signatures, - Metropolitan
the decline wage improvements dampened enthusiasm for no unanimous decision over the direction if the of parish off
of Chartism popular agitation petition was rejected professiona
by 1850? - Chartist unity was severely compromised - Bill rejected in 1839 = Attwood (BPU leader) quit - Rural Police
- 1845 = National Association of United Trades = the convention dismayed by the physical force developing
Causation workers felt unions were a more direct route to (Bull Ring Riots 1839) paid for via
better wages & conditions in the longer term - Lovett was imprisoned, O’Connor left to drive the - General Na
More direct, pragmatic & immediate solutions with regional movement into decline Lancashire,
differences - tailored to conditions. Stark contrast to Chartists Chartism lost the single centralised organisation that Implicit threat of force
= out of touch with the needs of the w-classes, amidst the provided the movement direction - splinter groups never & swords - effective su
antagonistic leaders. gained the same attention, govt repression. AVOIDING another Pe
2 Peel’s reforms to liberalise the state 2 O’Connor - radical approach alienated 2 Technological deve
- Factory Act 1844 = Limited working hours - Land Plan 1845 = Chartists could purchase - 1840s = Ele
- Poor Law Act 1847 = repeal the hated PL shares, used to buy land, distributed via a between sp
commission / Repeal of the Corn Laws - 1846 = randomised ballot = total of 250 families settled Common (4
removal of unpopular Whig legislation = - 1851 = 46 remained in possession - 1839 Bull R
challenged the notion that the landed elite would - 1840 = NCA to galvanise the w-classes again police office
not legislate for the benefit of the w-classes - Repeated use of petitions = hardened govt & few hours
,RADICALS Economic discontent Political grievance + old corruption Impact of radical leade
TWE was 1 Agrarian → industrial society in 1780 - 1800 1 Old Corruption - borough evidence 1 Corresponding Soc
poverty / - Factory Age, industrial output increased by 15x in - Rotten boroughs in Northern & Midlands - Old - Sheffield CS
economic 1801 Dunwich (2MPs, fallen into the sea, costal erosion) - 1792 - over
conditions - Rapid urbanisation - economic migration to - 1831 - 3% of the population could vote / new with 10k sig
the cause of industrial towns to be employed at new factories towns had no MP - Manchester, Leeds - Informed ab
popular like Manchester - MPs had no salary, elections needed £20k to run them
radicalism - Growing gulf between wealthy factory owners & - 1815 - 31 - over 2/3rds of constituencies were - 1792 - Lond
1780 - 1820? vulnerable workers (severe distress) uncontested - Weekly mee
- Agricultural workers - threatened by machinery - Cooping & treating - corrupt practices facing worki
Causation Difficulty earning a liveable wage, seized overnight Reflected medieval / tudor constituencies, born out of manage & a
augmenting fertile grounds for discontent & giving rise to necessity - the industrial elite had the means & will. - 1st National
economic migration. Foreign trade fluctuations - resorting to 2 Lord Liverpool - laissez-faire economics 1812 - 27 Mobilised & connected
violence out of desperation, divide & inequality. - Corn Laws 1815 = protectionist, banning foreign 2 Cobbett - radical lit
2 Post-Napoleonic wars (1815) economic hardship imports of cheap corn till British corn = 80s per - 1802 - Politi
- Sudden demobilisation of 300k soldiers + sailors & quarter - 1802 - Stam
a labour surplus in 1815, cost of living crisis 16-17 - Income tax was abolished / wartime taxes were - 1816 = 2 pe
- Bad harvests 16-17 exacerbated hunger, demand maintained = reinforced the gulf in affluence - Tapped into
for military & armaments sharply declined post-war - Workers = no political voice & disproportionately cottage in S
= inconsistent employment impacted on poorer families - 1817 = mos
- Wages hit in Lancashire’s textile regions Class legislation & the self-interest of those in power. w-classes /
- Luddies - workers attacking machinery Designed to benefit wealthy landowners. OA: Discontent Popular circulation, ac
Unable to sustain basic living standards, political inequality & exacerbated by political mismanagement - reform was Monopolised on hunge
w-class neglect OA: Root cause of the shift to the radical vital (people drew the line between conditions & policy) monopolised on the
movement, uniting workers behind a common cause. movement - strong d
Desperation & unable to afford basic necessities. w-class.
HFDYA 1790 Power of the state (AGREE) Radical leadership + popular support (DISAGREE) Divisions + short-term
- 1819, 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror 1790s 1 Hampden Clubs - 1811 onwards 1 Economic revival +
British - May 1794 - July 95 - Suspension of habeas corpus - Radical society, underground campaign (universal - Economic d
radicalism / Royal proclamation against seditious writings = male suffrage / annual parliaments / secret ballot) - Overseas tr
failed to authorised use of spies / censorship / infiltration of - 1812 - 15 - Cartwright toured a national network of - Bouts of une
achieve its radical groups luddites in Northern Counties cities turned
objectives - 1802 - Stamp duty, Seditious Meetings A 1875 - 1817 = 40 clubs in Lancashire hardship (M
because the - 1810 - Cobbett & other radicals tried - Subscription of 1d per week - Textile indus
power of the convicted for sedition / 2yrs in Newgate prison - 1816 - 17 = Petitioning campaign for reform / Lancashire
state was too Top-down hampering of mobilisation efforts - prevented the ending the corn laws / fairer taxation Radical overreliance o
strong? growth of grassroots members. Increased paranoia & an United radicals, clear organisational, centralised structure to the support base. M-c
implicit fear if found. Silenced & drove underground. voice concerns- cementing interest & mobilising efforts. 2 Division - aims + u
Causation 2 Cobbett - radical literature (Political Reg & 2 penny) - M-class unit
2 The Six Acts 1819 (Response to St P) - 1802 - Political register , 4k circulation per week Peteloo (me
/ radical - Yeomanry Cavalry at Peterloo (11 killed / over 500 - 1802 - Stamp duty on all newspapers uniting behi
reformers injured, sharpened sabres) - 1816 = 2 penny trash (2-page condensed, 2d) - Jeremy Ben
failed 1790 - - Six Acts 1819 - Paranoid legal crackdown on the - Tapped into w-class discontent, read in every opinion = m
1819? freedoms of the public & press cottage in South Lancashire & the East Midlands - Spence + th
- 50 + meetings = permission from a sheriff / - 1817 = most widely read newspaper among the of power (lim
/posed no magistrate w-classes / 200k copies sold in 2 months Meeting riot
serious - Toughened laws against seditious material Connected people over their economic grievances, - 1817 = Ham
threat to the Legislative repression - explicit & implicit threat drove the politicising working class people. Old Corruption pinpointed work collabo
government, radicals underground. OA: Divisions made them vulnerable as the source, uniting disparate groups of m / w-class Actions of the Spence
1790-1819? to exploitation - regression alienated & divided public radicals behind a common goal. OA: Subdued division, justify repressive mea
opinion. Turning point - decline. exploited by 1819 = end. fragmented their caus
status, only protestin
HFDYA - the Lack of widespread popular support Power of the state + repression Economic conditions
lack of 1 M-class hostility to popular radicalism 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror - 1790s 1 Post - 1820 econom
popular - Property owning classes feared the potential - May 1794 - July 95 - Suspension of habeas corpus - 1816 - 17 =
support was threats to order, Spencean violence = allied behind / Royal proclamation against seditious writings = CONTRAST
the main law & order in defence of the status quo authorised use of spies / censorship / infiltration of - Overseas tr
reason for - Peterloo 1819 - M-class merchants / shopkeepers radical groups into industri
the failure of / publishers - yeomanry cavalry - 1802 - Stamp duty, Seditious Meetings A 1875 - No econom
radical - Did not resonate with economic grievance - 1810 - Cobbett & other radicals tried - Causes of d
reforms to Sway of public opinion against harsh govt action convicted for sedition / 2yrs in Newgate prison monopolise
achieve Silenced the radical press, top-down repression was Lack of urgency / caus
parliamentar 2 Divisions over use of aims + tactics effective in driving the radicals & their leaders underground. fundamentally driven b
y reform, - Cobbett = impossible to work with, failing to worth Censorship slowed pace of transmission = implicit threat = Relative stability = no
1780 - 1819? unless the movement was ‘subdued to his unleashed. position.
influence’ VS Francis Place + Jeremy Bentham =
Causation peaceful methods (householder suffrage) 2 Pentridge + Peterloo massacre () 2 Inconsistent econo
- Cobbett + Cartwright = universal suffrage - Committee of Secrecy 1817 - spy Oliver convinced - Textile indus
- Death of Spence (1816) = Spencean Society = workers in Derbyshire to march to Nottingham = - Large new c
armed seizure of power (failure of the Spa Fields arrested, leaders hanged → workers t
meeting - looting, minority who were violent) - Peterloo = 100k men / women / children → over unions in tim
- 1817 = Hampden Club Convention = attempt to 500 injured, troops deployed - Bouts of une
unite the smaller groups = FAILED & exposed - Six Acts 1819 - paranoid legal crackdown on - Framework
divisions freedoms of press + public - Handloom w
Personal antagonisms fragmented the movement into - Hunt & other radicals imprisoned for 3yrs Radicals exploited per
disparate factions - with no universal aim. Deep divisions, Watershed - working people had been harshly repressed by symbols of hardship d
fundamental.OA: M-class content being homeowners, the govt, moral high groud in the pres yet a culture of be effective. OA: Inco
turning on the workers & clamping down on agitation to paranoia & tension had been created.OA: Tailored failed to resonate wit
, preserve their status, only requesting moderate reforms. measures infiltrated & exploited, lack of trust. decisive end.
HFDYA that Divisions - INeffective Power of the state + govt repression - INeffective Popular support + the
‘the 1 Spa Fields spenceans - Nov 1816 1 Pitt’s Reign of Terror & loyalists 1 Corresponding soc
leadership - East End of London, Spa Fields - Loyalist association ‘Crown & Anchor’ - 1791 = Righ
of early - Hunt = spoke of his view that a moral force could - 1793 = over 2k local branches, attacked printers of controversy
British unite the mass platform radical works, disrupted meetings connecting
radicals was - 2nd meeting - 2nd Dec = over 10k, speech - 1793 = Royal Proclamation Against Seditious corruption
INeffective? - MINORITY of the crowd = broke into gun shops / Writings / Authorised the use of spies / censorship - Dec 1791 =
seized weapons / marched on the Tower of / infiltration of radical groups members / 9
Significance London = hours of looting & rioting - 1793 = 31 radicals charged with high treason / petition (fail
- Prince Reagant’s carriage attacked by rioters / vs Habeas C suspension 1794 - 95 / Stamp Duty - 1792 = Nati
majority of the crowd = peaceful 1802 Spread democratic ide
Undermined the peaceful majority - justification given by Top-down prevention of the spread of radical ideas further, unlimited’ - laying the
physical force to devise hardline legislation. revived the patriotic spirit = dangerous radicals = implicitly wave of French Revol
threatening Britons.
2 M-class hostility to popular radicalism 2 Cobbett - radical lit
- Property owning classes feared the potential 2 The Pentridge Rising 1817 - 1802 - Politi
threats to order, did not resonate - hunger politics - Committee of Secrecy (Lord Liverpool) - 1802 - Stam
- St Peter’s Fields Meeting 1819 = M-class - Oliver - govt agent provocateur - 1816 = 2 pe
merchants / shopkeepers / publishers formed the - Infiltrated a group of discontented workers in - Tapped into
yeomanry cavalry at Peterloo Derbyshire = persuaded to march to Nottingham, cottage in S
- United behind Lord Liverpool in preservation of the joining a nationwide rebellion - 1817 = mos
status quo - 200 armed workers set off = troops, swift arrested / w-classes /
Sway of public opinion against harsh govt action 30 = Australia sentence Connected people ove
OA: Intra-movement fragmentation, without the - Leaders wer hanged & beheaded in public politicised men, wome
application of govt pressure unfolded naturally - Culture of paranoia, fear of authorities = simmering tensions. to the true cause of su
classism divided the movement (l-t decline) OA: Govt were well-informed. discontent. OA: Tappe
masses in their griev
CHARTISM Economic grievances Political grievance / dissatisfaction w/ the G-R Act 32 Umbrella movement -
1 Trade depression 1 Great Reform Act 1832 1 Factory Act 1833 d
TWE do - 1837 - 42 = Severe trade depression - Days of May - petitions sent to parliament - 10hr movem
economic Rising unemployment in industrial & rural areas - Riots in Nottingham / Bristol / Derby / England = - Short time c
grievances (steel / coal / wool / textiles) Attwood + BPU = aimed to trigger financial & Yorkshire
explain the - Rising food prices & stagnant wages collapse by urging people to take money out of the legislation
origins of - J.Stephens = knife + fork, bread + cheese = 1838 / banks - FA = preven
the Chartist form of hunger politics - 5.8% of the adult population could vote limit for age
movement - Suppression of the GNTU 34 - robbed of - 56 boroughs disenfranchised - 8:30pm
1832-1838? leadership - Householder £10 + yearly rent or more - IGNORED b
Organic extension of collective bargaining - if workers W-class betrayal, exclusion from the vote, no secret ballot = Legacy of leadership,
PRODUCED the wealth, they should have admission to the NO DIFFERENCE. Symbolic of resentment & discontent. W-class understanding
political system. in the rights of the wor
2 Old Corruption + issues
2 GNCTU split + political link - 1836 - 38 = Demands for reform consolidated into 2 The New Poor Law
- Grand national Consolidated Trades Union a charter, under 3 reform movements (GNU / - Whig appea
(GNCTU) split in 1834 / over 500k members after LWMA / BPU) - Cut cost of p
a series of strikes for better pay & working - Great Northern Union = w-class relief (only w
conditions - LWMA 1836 = Lovett, w-class // Series of A
- Glasgow ‘Spinners’ Union Weavers Strike 1837 = - BPU 1829 = Attwood, w-class - Toured the c
18 leaders sentenced - Problems - no secret ballot / no annual parliament clubs / 1837
- 1838 = 1st draft of the people’s charter / payment of MPs / universal manhood suffrage vocalising P
Realisation that quality of life would not improve unless they - Sense of betrayal fortified radical leaders - 1839 = 14 /
took a stand - basic needs = not met. Unions united in Failure of the Whigs alienated the w-class from politics, chartism co
frustration = day to day existence governed by econ. OA: betrayal of the landed elite. Politics = problem + solution. leaders
Reform ideas resonated with disheartened workers - OA: Piecemeal acts cemented beliefs & galvanised the Tailored to rob the poo
grassroots support, VITAL to voice hardship. radicals to unite. gained a taste of radic
parliament & enforce c
forming a national mov
HF does the Economic revival Divisions (leadership + ideology) Power of the state
power of the 1 Economic revival + union growth 1 Lovett v O’Connor - national convention 1 Professional forces
state explain - 1842 = String of good harvests / trade revival / - People’s Charter - 1838 = over 1.3m signatures, - Metropolitan
the decline wage improvements dampened enthusiasm for no unanimous decision over the direction if the of parish off
of Chartism popular agitation petition was rejected professiona
by 1850? - Chartist unity was severely compromised - Bill rejected in 1839 = Attwood (BPU leader) quit - Rural Police
- 1845 = National Association of United Trades = the convention dismayed by the physical force developing
Causation workers felt unions were a more direct route to (Bull Ring Riots 1839) paid for via
better wages & conditions in the longer term - Lovett was imprisoned, O’Connor left to drive the - General Na
More direct, pragmatic & immediate solutions with regional movement into decline Lancashire,
differences - tailored to conditions. Stark contrast to Chartists Chartism lost the single centralised organisation that Implicit threat of force
= out of touch with the needs of the w-classes, amidst the provided the movement direction - splinter groups never & swords - effective su
antagonistic leaders. gained the same attention, govt repression. AVOIDING another Pe
2 Peel’s reforms to liberalise the state 2 O’Connor - radical approach alienated 2 Technological deve
- Factory Act 1844 = Limited working hours - Land Plan 1845 = Chartists could purchase - 1840s = Ele
- Poor Law Act 1847 = repeal the hated PL shares, used to buy land, distributed via a between sp
commission / Repeal of the Corn Laws - 1846 = randomised ballot = total of 250 families settled Common (4
removal of unpopular Whig legislation = - 1851 = 46 remained in possession - 1839 Bull R
challenged the notion that the landed elite would - 1840 = NCA to galvanise the w-classes again police office
not legislate for the benefit of the w-classes - Repeated use of petitions = hardened govt & few hours
