BIOLOGY 1002 EXAM 4 2026 PRACTICE TEST
PACK COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
◉ Humans have ____-____ liters of blood; about ___% of total body
weight
Answer: 5; 6; 8
◉ Plasma
Answer: 90% water with many dissolved substances
◉ Dissolved substances in Plasma
Answer: 1. Proteins and hormones
2. Nutrients (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, lipids)
3. Gases (CO2 and O2)
4. Ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca+2, K+, Mg+2)
5. Wastes (urea)
◉ Erythrocytes
Answer: Red Blood Cells (RBC)
-Lose nuclei as they mature and can't divide
-Comprise 99% of all blood cells
,-Make up 40% of total blood volume in FEMALES and 45% in MALES
-1 mL of blood has over 5 billion RBCs
-Contain hemoglobin
-Lifespan of about 120 days
-2 million RBCs are replaced each second
◉ Iron and RBCs
Answer: -The iron from dead RBCs is recycled from the liver and
spleen to the bone marrow of chest, upper arms, legs, and hips
where RBCs are formed
-Small amounts of iron are excreted daily and must be replenished
by the diet.
-In addition, iron (and RBCs) lost due to injury and menstruation
must be replaced
◉ Erythropoietin
Answer: -The number of RBC's is maintained through a NEGATIVE
feedback system involving this hormone
-Produced from the kidneys in response to oxygen deficiency
-Stimulates rapid production of new RBCs by the bone marrow. The
new RBCs get rid of oxygen deficiency
◉ Leukocytes
, Answer: White Blood Cells (WBCs)
-5 types that comprise less than 1% of blood cells
-Distinguished by their size, shape of nucleus, and staining
characteristics
-Main purpose is to fight infections
◉ Platelets
Answer: Fragments that break off large megakaryocytes cells
◉ Megakaryocyte
Answer: Remains in the bone marrow and the platelets become part
of the blood
◉ Blood Clotting: How it works (5 steps)
Answer: 1. Platelets stick to damaged blood vessels, forming a plug
2. Coagulation occurs by a complex series of chemical events that
result in the activation of thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen protein (soluble) into fibrin fibers
(insoluble)
4. Platelets and RBCs adhere to the fibrous mass
5. Within 30 minutes, the platelets contract, forcing fluid out and
making the clot denser. This also constricts the wound and promotes
healing.
PACK COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
◉ Humans have ____-____ liters of blood; about ___% of total body
weight
Answer: 5; 6; 8
◉ Plasma
Answer: 90% water with many dissolved substances
◉ Dissolved substances in Plasma
Answer: 1. Proteins and hormones
2. Nutrients (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, lipids)
3. Gases (CO2 and O2)
4. Ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca+2, K+, Mg+2)
5. Wastes (urea)
◉ Erythrocytes
Answer: Red Blood Cells (RBC)
-Lose nuclei as they mature and can't divide
-Comprise 99% of all blood cells
,-Make up 40% of total blood volume in FEMALES and 45% in MALES
-1 mL of blood has over 5 billion RBCs
-Contain hemoglobin
-Lifespan of about 120 days
-2 million RBCs are replaced each second
◉ Iron and RBCs
Answer: -The iron from dead RBCs is recycled from the liver and
spleen to the bone marrow of chest, upper arms, legs, and hips
where RBCs are formed
-Small amounts of iron are excreted daily and must be replenished
by the diet.
-In addition, iron (and RBCs) lost due to injury and menstruation
must be replaced
◉ Erythropoietin
Answer: -The number of RBC's is maintained through a NEGATIVE
feedback system involving this hormone
-Produced from the kidneys in response to oxygen deficiency
-Stimulates rapid production of new RBCs by the bone marrow. The
new RBCs get rid of oxygen deficiency
◉ Leukocytes
, Answer: White Blood Cells (WBCs)
-5 types that comprise less than 1% of blood cells
-Distinguished by their size, shape of nucleus, and staining
characteristics
-Main purpose is to fight infections
◉ Platelets
Answer: Fragments that break off large megakaryocytes cells
◉ Megakaryocyte
Answer: Remains in the bone marrow and the platelets become part
of the blood
◉ Blood Clotting: How it works (5 steps)
Answer: 1. Platelets stick to damaged blood vessels, forming a plug
2. Coagulation occurs by a complex series of chemical events that
result in the activation of thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen protein (soluble) into fibrin fibers
(insoluble)
4. Platelets and RBCs adhere to the fibrous mass
5. Within 30 minutes, the platelets contract, forcing fluid out and
making the clot denser. This also constricts the wound and promotes
healing.
